ArticleGenome research2011
DNA methylation profiles of human active and inactive X chromosomes.
Article in Genome research, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 183 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
183 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 319 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of neuroimaging epigenetic research: calling for an increased focus on development.Molecular psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Reduced mouse allergen is associated with epigenetic changes in regulatory genes, but not mouse sensitization, in asthmatic children.Environmental research · 2017Trial
- DiffMethylTools: a toolbox for the detection, annotation, and visualization of differential methylation.Life science alliance · 2026Article
- From inactivation to intervention: X chromosome silencing in disease pathogenesis and emerging therapeutic strategies.Genes & diseases · 2026Review
- Escape from X-chromosome inactivation: from gene discovery to regulatory mechanisms.Biochemical Society transactions · 2026Review
- Population epigenetics: deciphering DNA methylation diversity and its implications for health, disease, and evolution.Molecular biology and evolution · 2026Review
- Using combined RNA/DNA short read sequencing to investigate allele-specific expression from the inactive X chromosome in human cells.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Sex-influenced DNA methylation differs by placental cell type.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Postnatal conversion of methylcytosine to hydroxymethylcytosine reconfigures the human neuronal epigenome.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Dual genomic localizations and gene regulatory functions of MBD-2 with and without NuRD in Caenorhabditis elegans which lacks DNA methylation.Nature communications · 2026Article
- An in-depth study of the correlation between Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Sjogren's syndrome: multiple evidences from large cohorts, Mendelian randomization, and transcriptomic analysis.European journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Epigenetic alterations in Myeloid Malignancies.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- Epigenetic Mechanisms in Fabry Disease: A Thematic Analysis Linking Differential Methylation Profiles and Genetic Modifiers to Disease Phenotype.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Review
- Single-cell DNA methylation analysis tool Amethyst resolves distinct non-CG methylation patterns in human astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Environmental Xenobiotics and Epigenetic Modifications: Implications for Human Health and Disease.Journal of xenobiotics · 2025Review
- X chromosome inactivation in mammals: general principles and species-specific considerations.EMBO reports · 2025Review
- A Thiopurine-like Mutagenic Process Defines TGCT Subtypes.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- DNA Methylation ofBiology · 2025Article
- Recent advances on gene-related DNA methylation in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment: a clinical perspective.Clinical epigenetics · 2025Review
- Assessing DNA methylation detection for primary human tissue using Nanopore sequencing.Genome research · 2025Article
123 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) is a dosage compensation mechanism that silences the majority of genes on one X chromosome in each female cell. To characterize epigenetic changes that accompany this process, we measured DNA methylation levels in 45,X patients carrying a single active X chromosome (X(a)), and in normal females, who carry one X(a) and one inactive X (X(i)). Methylated DNA was immunoprecipitated and hybridized to high-density oligonucleotide arrays covering the X chromosome, generating epigenetic profiles of active and inactive X chromosomes. We observed that XCI is accompanied by changes in DNA methylation specifically at CpG islands (CGIs). While the majority of CGIs show increased methylation levels on the X(i), XCI actually results in significant reductions in methylation at 7% of CGIs. Both intra- and inter-genic CGIs undergo epigenetic modification, with the biggest increase in methylation occurring at the promoters of genes silenced by XCI. In contrast, genes escaping XCI generally have low levels of promoter methylation, while genes that show inter-individual variation in silencing show intermediate increases in methylation. Thus, promoter methylation and susceptibility to XCI are correlated. We also observed a global correlation between CGI methylation and the evolutionary age of X-chromosome strata, and that genes escaping XCI show increased methylation within gene bodies. We used our epigenetic map to predict 26 novel genes escaping XCI, and searched for parent-of-origin-specific methylation differences, but found no evidence to support imprinting on the human X chromosome. Our study provides a detailed analysis of the epigenetic profile of active and inactive X chromosomes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.