Trial reportJournal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)2011
Impact of herpes simplex virus type 2 on HIV-1 acquisition and progression in an HIV vaccine trial (the Step study).
Trial report in Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of HSV-2 infection on subsequent HIV acquisition: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2017Pooled it
- Herpes simplex virus type 2 and HIV disease progression: a systematic review of observational studies.BMC infectious diseases · 2013Pooled it
- Genital ulcer disease treatment for reducing sexual acquisition of HIV.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2012Pooled it
- Antibody to HSV gD peptide induced by vaccination does not protect against HSV-2 infection in HSV-2 seronegative women.PloS one · 2017Trial
- Effect of daily aciclovir on HIV disease progression in individuals in Rakai, Uganda, co-infected with HIV-1 and herpes simplex virus type 2: a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled trial.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2012Trial
- Mesoporous silica nanoparticle-mediated delivery of a synergistic 5-miRNA combination inhibits HSV-2 infection.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Topical administration of in situ gelling formulation containing myricetin-polycarboxylate nanoparticles inhibits murine genital herpes infection.International journal of pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Epidemiological Patterns of Genital Ulcer Disease and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Among Public Clinic Attendees in Mthatha, Eastern Cape, South Africa.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Understanding the performance of HIV-1 viral vector vaccines: adenovirus and poxvirus case studies.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Regulates Host IFN-I Through the RIG-I Signalling Pathway to Inhibit Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2024Article
- Cervical Cytology and Herpes Simplex Virus Type-2 Serology Among Human Immune Deficiency Virus Infected Women on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Enugu, Nigeria.Current HIV research · 2022Article
- Contribution of Sex Differences to HIV Immunology, Pathogenesis, and Cure Approaches.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Review
- Elevated HIV Infection of CD4 T Cells in MRKAd5 Vaccine Recipients Due to CD8 T Cells Targeting Adapted Epitopes.Journal of virology · 2021Article
- Prevalence and Predictors of Syphilis in Female Sex Workers in Eastern China: Findings from Six Consecutive Cross-Sectional Surveys.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2021Article
- Rapid Clinical Progression and Its Correlates Among Acute HIV Infected Men Who Have Sex With Men in China： Findings From a 5-Year Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Natural and nature-inspired stilbenoids as antiviral agents.European journal of medicinal chemistry · 2020Review
- Cationic Dendrimer G2-S16 Inhibits Herpes Simplex Type 2 Infection and Protects Mice Vaginal Microbiome.Pharmaceutics · 2020Article
- Biologic interactions between HSV-2 and HIV-1 and possible implications for HSV vaccine development.Vaccine · 2019Review
- A Caulobacter crescentus Microbicide Protects from Vaginal Infection with HIV-1Journal of virology · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
introductionExtensive observational data suggest that herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection may facilitate HIV acquisition, increase HIV viral load, and accelerate HIV progression and onward transmission. To explore these relationships, we examined the impact of preexisting HSV-2 infection in an international HIV vaccine trial.
methodsWe analyzed the associations between prevalent HSV-2 infection and HIV-1 acquisition and progression among 1836 men who have sex with men. We used Cox proportional hazards regression models to estimate the association between HSV-2 infection and both HIV acquisition and antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation, and linear regression to explore the effect of HSV-2 on pre-ART viral load.
resultsHSV-2 infection increased risk of HIV-1 acquisition among all volunteers [adjusted hazard ratio 2.2; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4 to 3.5]. Adjusting for demographic variables, circumcision, Ad5 titer, and significant risk behaviors, the risk of HIV acquisition among HSV-2-infected placebo recipients was 3-fold higher than HSV-2 seronegatives (adjusted hazard ratio 3.3; 95% CI: 1.6 to 6.9). Past HSV-2 infection was associated with a 0.2 log10 copies per milliliter higher adjusted mean set point viral load (95% CI: 0.3 lower to 0.6 higher). HSV-2 infection was not associated with time to ART initiation.
conclusionsAmong men who have sex with men in an HIV-1 vaccine trial, preexisting HSV-2 infection was a major risk factor for HIV acquisition. Past HSV-2 did not significantly increase HIV viral load or early disease progression. HSV-2-seropositive persons will likely prove more difficult than HSV-2-seronegative persons to protect against HIV infection using vaccines or other prevention strategies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.