ReviewInternational journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease2011
Pathogenic triad in COPD: oxidative stress, protease-antiprotease imbalance, and inflammation.
Review in International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02783326 (Effects of a Protocol Of Rehabilitation in Patients With Chronic Disease Obstructive Pulmonary), which is not on this map. Cited by 140 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effects of a Protocol Of Rehabilitation in Patients With Chronic Disease Obstructive Pulmonary (COPD) Improvement Modulation Autonomic Heart Rate, Oxidative Stress, Quality of Life and Function
Who cites it
140 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 283 citations in OpenAlex.
- Treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with ensifentrine: a systematic review.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Stem Cell-Based Regenerative Therapy and Derived Products in COPD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Cells · 2022Pooled it
- Lignins and Their Derivatives with Beneficial Effects on Human Health.International journal of molecular sciences · 2017Pooled it
- Hydrogen/oxygen therapy for the treatment of an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group controlled trial.Respiratory research · 2021Trial
- Effect of Monthly, High-Dose, Long-Term Vitamin D on Lung Function: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Nutrients · 2017Trial
- Trial
- Difference in systemic inflammation and predictors of acute exacerbation between smoking-associated COPD and tuberculosis-associated COPD.International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseTrial
- Epithelial QKI Protects Against Emphysema by Maintaining Mitochondrial Integrity.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Local Lung HIF-1α and VEGF Activation to Reverse Emphysema by a Sulfated Caffeic Acid Dehydropolymer.Biology · 2026Article
- Bioinformatics Screening and Preliminary Experimental Verification of Integrated Stress Response-Associated MYC and BAG3 in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease · 2026Article
- Dynamic changes of immune cells and therapeutic responses in experimental models of COPD.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Identification of candidate selenium-associated transcriptomic biomarkers in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an integrated bioinformatics and expression validation study.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Thiol/Disulfide Homeostasis as a New Oxidative Stress Marker in Patients with COPD.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Consumption of ultra-processed foods and risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality: the Singapore Chinese health study.Nutrition journal · 2025Article
- Modulation of Pulmonary Inflammation and the Redox Pathway In Vitro and In Vivo by Fumaric Ester.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Peptidylarginine Deiminase 4 Deficiency Suppresses Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation and Ameliorates Elastase-Induced Emphysema in Mouse Lung.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Association between serum cystatin C and chronic lung disease in middle-aged and elderly Chinese: a CHARLS cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Lung organoids in COPD: recent advances and future prospects.Respiratory research · 2025Review
- Overview of extracellular vesicles as biomarkers and therapeutic tools in pediatric diseases: focus on the gut-lung axis.Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids · 2025Review
- Targeting Multiple Pathophysiological Axes in COPD: Nanomaterial Advances.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Review
80 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exhibit dominant features of chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and/or asthma, with a common phenotype of airflow obstruction. COPD pulmonary physiology reflects the sum of pathological changes in COPD, which can occur in large central airways, small peripheral airways, and the lung parenchyma. Quantitative or high-resolution computed tomography is used as a surrogate measure for assessment of disease progression. Different biological or molecular markers have been reported that reflect the mechanistic or pathogenic triad of inflammation, proteases, and oxidants and correspond to the different aspects of COPD histopathology. Similar to the pathogenic triad markers, genetic variations or polymorphisms have also been linked to COPD-associated inflammation, protease-antiprotease imbalance, and oxidative stress. Furthermore, in recent years, there have been reports identifying aging-associated mechanistic markers as downstream consequences of the pathogenic triad in the lungs from COPD patients. For this review, the authors have limited their discussion to a review of mechanistic markers and genetic variations and their association with COPD histopathology and disease status.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.