ArticleThe American journal of pathology2011
The tryptophan metabolite 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid plays anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective roles during inflammation: role of hemeoxygenase-1.
Article in The American journal of pathology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 95 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
95 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The tryptophan catabolite or kynurenine pathway in schizophrenia: meta-analysis reveals dissociations between central, serum, and plasma compartments.Molecular psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Effects of microbiota-directed foods in gnotobiotic animals and undernourished children.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2019Trial
- Review
- Cell Signaling by Tryptophan Catabolism.Biochemistry · 2026Review
- Non-severe burn injury leads to sustained molecular changes in the brain in a murine model.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Tryptophan metabolites 3-hydroxykynurenine (3HK) and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3HAA) increase oxidative stress and impair osteoblastic bone formation.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2026Article
- Article
- Quinolinic acid as trigger/biomarker of dysosmia/dysgeusia in patients with acute coronavirus disease 2019: A retrospective case-control study.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Kynurenine pathway dysregulation in major depressive disorder: the convergence of excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Review
- Fasting-Induced Changes in Serum Kynurenines Do Not Always Reflect Their Urinary Excretion.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Mechanisms of multi-organ damage in Wilson disease from the gut-liver-brain axis perspective: copper metabolism, gut microbiota, and metabolite communication.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- The tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in cardiovascular diseases: mechanistic insights and therapeutic opportunities.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
- 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid suppresses colorectal cancer growth and enhances 5-fluorouracil sensitivity via the YY1-p53 and YY1-DKK4 axes.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Production, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Strategies of Tryptophan Metabolites in CNS Diseases.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Neurochemical Insights into the Role of Tryptophan Metabolites and Kynurenine Pathway in Insomnia and its Psychological and Neurological Comorbidities.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Potential Region-Specific Neuroprotective Effects of Kynurenine Administration in Healthy Rodents Using High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry.ACS chemical neuroscience · 2025Article
- Procognitive effects of methyl 2-amino-3-methoxybenzoate (or daopine) may involve the dorsal striatal anthranilic acid pathway and mutimetabolite-multitarget pharmacology.Behavioural pharmacology · 2025Article
- Amino Acid Metabolite Profiling for Predicting and Understanding the Metabolic Effects of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery.Journal of metabolic and bariatric surgery · 2025Review
- Alterations of serum metabolic profile in major depressive disorder: A case-control study in the Chinese population.World journal of psychiatry · 2025Article
- Quinoline Quest: Kynurenic Acid Strategies for Next-Generation Therapeutics via Rational Drug Design.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
35 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Tryptophan metabolism by the kynurenine pathway (KP) is important to the pathogenesis of inflammatory, infectious, and degenerative diseases. The 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) branch of the KP is activated in macrophages and microglia, leading to the generation of 3-HK, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA), and quinolinic acid, which are considered neurotoxic owing to their free radical-generating and N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor agonist activities. We investigated the role of 3-HAA in inflammatory and antioxidant gene expression and neurotoxicity in primary human fetal central nervous system cultures treated with cytokines (IL-1 with or without interferon-γ) or with Toll-like receptor ligands mimicking the proinflammatory central nervous system environment. Results were analyzed by microarray, Western blot, immunostain, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and neurotoxicity assays. 3-HAA suppressed glial cytokine and chemokine expression and reduced cytokine-induced neuronal death. 3-HK also suppressed cytokine-induced neuronal death. Unexpectedly, 3-HAA was highly effective in inducing in astrocytes the expression of hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1), an antioxidant enzyme with anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective properties. Optimal induction of HO-1 required 3-HAA and cytokines. In human microglia, 3-HAA weakly induced HO-1 and lipopolysaccharide suppressed microglial HO-1 expression. 3-HAA-mediated HO-1 expression was confirmed in cultured adult human astrocytes and in vivo after 3-HAA injection to mouse brains. Together, our results demonstrate the novel neuroprotective activity of the tryptophan metabolite 3-HAA and have implications for future therapeutic approaches for neuroinflammatory disorders.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.