Evidence map›Paper›PMID 21852499›Full record

ArticleScience (New York, N.Y.)2011

Three periods of regulatory innovation during vertebrate evolution.

Craig B Lowe, Manolis Kellis, Adam Siepel, Brian J Raney, Michele Clamp, Sofie R Salama, David M Kingsley, Kerstin Lindblad-Toh, David Haussler

Erratum issuedAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Science (New York, N.Y.), 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 73 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
73citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

73 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Six million years of vole dental evolution shaped by tooth development.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
    Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Review
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. What distinguishes the elephant fromJournal of biosciences · 2023
    Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Review
  19. Article
  20. Article

13 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Craig B LoweCenter for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
Manolis Kellis
Adam Siepel
Brian J Raney
Michele Clamp
Sofie R Salama
David M Kingsley
Kerstin Lindblad-Toh
David Haussler

Funding

Large Scale Sequencing and Analysis of GenomesU54HG003067 · NHGRI · MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY · PI GABRIEL, STACEY, LANDER, ERIC S · 2004 to 2015
$568.6M
UCSC Center for Genomic Science, and Minority Outreach ProgramP41HG002371 · NHGRI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ · PI HAUSSLER, DAVID H · 2001 to 2011
$34.8M
Genomic Basis of Vertebrate DiversityP50HG002568 · NHGRI · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI KINGSLEY, DAVID M · 2002 to 2011
$29.2M
EDAC: ENCODE Data Analysis CenterU01HG004695 · NHGRI · EUROPEAN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LABORATORY · PI BIRNEY, EWAN · 2008 to 2012
$6.4M
Regulatory Morif Discovery in the Human Genome Using Comparative GenomicsR01HG004037 · NHGRI · MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY · PI KELLIS, MANOLIS · 2007 to 2015
$3.9M
Howard Hughes Medical InstituteNHGRI NIH HHS 1U01-HG004695NHGRI NIH HHS 5P41-HG002371NHGRI NIH HHS P41 HG002371NHGRI NIH HHS P50 HG002568NHGRI NIH HHS P50-HG02568NHGRI NIH HHS R01 HG004037NHGRI NIH HHS R01-HG004037NHGRI NIH HHS U01 HG004695NHGRI NIH HHS U54 HG003067NHGRI NIH HHS U54-HG003067
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The gain, loss, and modification of gene regulatory elements may underlie a substantial proportion of phenotypic changes on animal lineages. To investigate the gain of regulatory elements throughout vertebrate evolution, we identified genome-wide sets of putative regulatory regions for five vertebrates, including humans. These putative regulatory regions are conserved nonexonic elements (CNEEs), which are evolutionarily conserved yet do not overlap any coding or noncoding mature transcript. We then inferred the branch on which each CNEE came under selective constraint. Our analysis identified three extended periods in the evolution of gene regulatory elements. Early vertebrate evolution was characterized by regulatory gains near transcription factors and developmental genes, but this trend was replaced by innovations near extracellular signaling genes, and then innovations near posttranslational protein modifiers.

Indexed as

Biological EvolutionConserved SequenceEvolution, MolecularRegulatory Elements, TranscriptionalRegulatory Sequences, Nucleic AcidAnimalsCattleDNA, IntergenicGene Expression RegulationGenes, DevelopmentalGenomeHumansMarkov ChainsMiceOryziasPhylogenyDNA, IntergenicTranscription Factors

Identifiers

PMID21852499
PMCPMC3511857

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.