Evidence map›Paper›PMID 21849500›Full record

ArticleThe Journal of biological chemistry2011

An artificial antigen-presenting cell with paracrine delivery of IL-2 impacts the magnitude and direction of the T cell response.

Erin R Steenblock, Tarek Fadel, Michael Labowsky, Jordan S Pober, Tarek M Fahmy

Open access · hybridAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in The Journal of biological chemistry, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 65 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
65citing papers in PubMed
2.1field-weighted citation impact, top 13% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

65 citing papers in PubMed, 111 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. DNA-directed assembly of multivalent lipid nanoparticles for targeted T cell gene delivery.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2026
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5 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Erin R SteenblockDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA.
Tarek Fadel
Michael Labowsky
Jordan S Pober
Tarek M Fahmy
Yale University · USIntegra LifeSciences (United States) · US

Funding

NHLBI NIH HHS HL051015
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs) are an emerging technology to induce therapeutic cellular immunity without the need for autologous antigen-presenting cells (APCs). To fully replace natural APCs, an optimized aAPC must present antigen (signal 1), provide costimulation (signal 2), and release cytokine (signal 3). Here we demonstrate that the spatial and temporal characteristics of paracrine release of IL-2 from biodegradable polymer aAPCs (now termed paAPCs) can significantly alter the balance in the activation and proliferation of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. Paracrine delivery of IL-2 upon T cell contact with paAPCs induces significant IL-2 accumulation in the synaptic contact region. This accumulation increases CD25 (the inducible IL-2 Rα chain) on responding T cells and increases proliferation of CD8+ T cells in vitro to levels 10 times that observed with equivalent amounts of bulk IL-2. These CD8+ T cell responses critically depend upon close contact of T cells and the paAPCs and require sustained release of low levels of IL-2. The same conditions promote activation-induced cell death in CD4+ T cells. These findings provide insight into the response of T cell subsets to paracrine IL-2.

Indexed as

AnimalsAntigen PresentationAntigen-Presenting CellsBiocompatible MaterialsCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesCell ProliferationCytokinesFlow CytometryInterleukin-2MiceMice, Inbred C57BLPolymersT-LymphocytesBiocompatible MaterialsCytokinesInterleukin-2Polymers

Identifiers

PMID21849500
PMCPMC3186438
OpenAlexW2084787806

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.