ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2011
Risk factors for tuberculosis after highly active antiretroviral therapy initiation in the United States and Canada: implications for tuberculosis screening.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tuberculosis-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) co-infection in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2018Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Antiretroviral therapy for prevention of tuberculosis in adults with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS medicine · 2012Pooled it
- Population-level genome sequencing reveals distinctmSystems · 2026Article
- Population-level genome sequencing reveals distinct Mycobacterium tuberculosis intrahost mutational trajectories in simian immunodeficiency virus co-infected and antiretroviral treated non-human primates.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Seventy Years of Tuberculosis Prevention: Efficacy, Effectiveness, Toxicity, Durability, and Duration.American journal of epidemiology · 2019Review
- Incidence and predictors of tuberculosis among HIV-positive adults on antiretroviral therapy at Debre Markos referral hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: a retrospective record review.BMC public health · 2019Article
- Injecting drug use predicts active tuberculosis in a national cohort of people living with HIV.AIDS (London, England) · 2017Article
- Immunological recovery in tuberculosis/HIV co-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy: implication for tuberculosis preventive therapy.BMC infectious diseases · 2017Article
- Immunologic Effects of Maraviroc in HIV-Infected Patients with Severe CD4 Lymphopenia Starting Antiretroviral Therapy: A Sub-Study of the CADIRIS Trial.Pathogens & immunity · 2017Article
- Opportunistic diseases among HIV-infected patients: a multicenter-nationwide Korean HIV/AIDS cohort study, 2006 to 2013.The Korean journal of internal medicine · 2016Article
- Timing of Antiretroviral Treatment, Immunovirologic Status, and TB Risk: Implications for Testing and Treatment.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2016Observational
- Hierarchy Low CD4+/CD8+ T-Cell Counts and IFN-γ Responses in HIV-1+ Individuals Correlate with Active TB and/or M.tb Co-Infection.PloS one · 2016Article
- Article
- Tuberculosis among people living with HIV/AIDS in the German ClinSurv HIV Cohort: long-term incidence and risk factors.BMC infectious diseases · 2014Article
- Article
- Incidence and predictors of tuberculosis among adult people living with human immunodeficiency virus at the University of Gondar Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia.BMC infectious diseases · 2013Article
- Higher rates of AIDS during the first year of antiretroviral therapy among migrants: the importance of tuberculosis.AIDS (London, England) · 2013Article
- The Hispanic HIV Epidemic.Current infectious disease reports · 2013Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
29 authors at 16 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundScreening for tuberculosis prior to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) initiation is not routinely performed in low-incidence settings. Identifying factors associated with developing tuberculosis after HAART initiation could focus screening efforts.
methodsSixteen cohorts in the United States and Canada contributed data on persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who initiated HAART December 1995-August 2009. Parametric survival models identified factors associated with tuberculosis occurrence.
resultsOf 37845 persons in the study, 145 were diagnosed with tuberculosis after HAART initiation. Tuberculosis risk was highest in the first 3 months of HAART (20 cases; 215 cases per 100000 person-years; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 131-333 per 100000 person-years). In a multivariate Weibull proportional hazards model, baseline CD4+ lymphocyte count <200, black race, other nonwhite race, Hispanic ethnicity, and history of injection drug use were independently associated with tuberculosis risk. In addition, in a piece-wise Weibull model, increased baseline HIV-1 RNA was associated with increased tuberculosis risk in the first 3 months; male sex tended to be associated with increased risk.
conclusionsScreening for active tuberculosis prior to HAART initiation should be targeted to persons with baseline CD4 <200 lymphocytes/mm³ or increased HIV-1 RNA, persons of nonwhite race or Hispanic ethnicity, history of injection drug use, and possibly male sex.
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