ArticleBrain topography2011
Characterizing brain cortical plasticity and network dynamics across the age-span in health and disease with TMS-EEG and TMS-fMRI.
Article in Brain topography, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05994846 (The Reynolds Innovative Spinal Electrical Stimulation Program), which is not on this map. Cited by 151 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Reynolds Innovative Spinal Electrical Stimulation Program: Transcutaneous Stimulation (RISES-T 2.0)
Who cites it
151 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 384 citations in OpenAlex.
- Transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment in Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis of its efficacy as a function of protocol characteristics and degree of personalization.Journal of neurology · 2022Pooled it
- Cortical excitability and plasticity in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis of transcranial magnetic stimulation studies.Ageing research reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for geriatric depression.Ageing research reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Neural Plasticity in Spinal and Corticospinal Pathways Induced by Balance Training in Neurologically Intact Adults: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2022Pooled it
- Static magnetic stimulation in the central nervous system: a systematic review.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2021Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Non-invasive Brain Stimulation Applications to Memory in Healthy Aging.Frontiers in neurology · 2020Pooled it
- The Neurophysiological Responses of Concussive Impacts: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2020Pooled it
- Technologies for Monitoring Lifestyle Habits Related to Brain Health: A Systematic Review.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Pooled it
- Intermittent theta burst stimulation of cerebellar vermis enhances fronto-cerebellar resting state functional connectivity in schizophrenia with predominant negative symptoms: A randomized controlled trial.Schizophrenia research · 2021Trial
- Demonstration of central conduction time and neuroplastic changes after cervical lordosis rehabilitation in asymptomatic subjects: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2021Trial
- Cortical Excitability, Synaptic Plasticity, and Cognition in Benign Epilepsy With Centrotemporal Spikes: A Pilot TMS-EMG-EEG Study.Journal of clinical neurophysiology : official publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society · 2020Trial
- A novel approach for assessing neuromodulation using phase-locked information measured with TMS-EEG.Scientific reports · 2019Trial
- Effect of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on autism: a randomized double-blind crossover trial.Behavioural neurology · 2014Trial
- Induced effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on the autonomic nervous system and the cardiac rhythm.TheScientificWorldJournal · 2014Trial
- iTBS Stimulation of the Bilateral IFG/IPL Alters the Oscillatory Pattern in ASD.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- A complex network perspective on brain disease.Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · 2026Review
- Feasibility of Interleaving Computerized Cognitive Training With Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: Pilot Studies in Mild Cognitive Impairment Due to Alzheimer's Disease and Stroke.JMIR neurotechnology · 2026Article
- Cortical mean diffusivity detects early age-related changes and associates with cognition and plasma biomarkers.Brain communications · 2026Article
- Restoring Vision with Noninvasive Brain Stimulation: A Narrative Review.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2025Review
- Neurophysiological signatures of default mode network dysfunction and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease.Science advances · 2025Article
91 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Brain plasticity can be conceptualized as nature's invention to overcome limitations of the genome and adapt to a rapidly changing environment. As such, plasticity is an intrinsic property of the brain across the lifespan. However, mechanisms of plasticity may vary with age. The combination of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with electroencephalography (EEG) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) enables clinicians and researchers to directly study local and network cortical plasticity, in humans in vivo, and characterize their changes across the age-span. Parallel, translational studies in animals can provide mechanistic insights. Here, we argue that, for each individual, the efficiency of neuronal plasticity declines throughout the age-span and may do so more or less prominently depending on variable 'starting-points' and different 'slopes of change' defined by genetic, biological, and environmental factors. Furthermore, aberrant, excessive, insufficient, or mistimed plasticity may represent the proximal pathogenic cause of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders such as autism spectrum disorders or Alzheimer's disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.