ArticleApplied and environmental microbiology2011
sxtA-based quantitative molecular assay to identify saxitoxin-producing harmful algal blooms in marine waters.
Article in Applied and environmental microbiology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers.
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43 citing papers in PubMed, 110 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Temperature-Driven Intraspecific Diversity in Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Profiles of the Dinoflagellate Alexandrium pacificum and Intragenic Variation in the Saxitoxin Biosynthetic Gene, sxtA4.Microbial ecology · 2025Article
- Toxin Dynamics among Populations of the Bioluminescent HAB SpeciesMarine drugs · 2024Article
- Genomic copy number variability at the genus, species and population levels impacts in situ ecological analyses of dinoflagellates and harmful algal blooms.ISME communications · 2023Article
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- Genetic association of toxin production in the dinoflagellateMicrobial genomics · 2022Article
- Cyanotoxin-encoding genes as powerful predictors of cyanotoxin production during harmful cyanobacterial blooms in an inland freshwater lake: Evaluating a novel early-warning system.The Science of the total environment · 2022Article
- Development of a Method for DetectingToxins · 2022Article
- Finding Species-Specific Extracellular Surface-Facing Proteomes in Toxic Dinoflagellates.Toxins · 2021Article
- Molecular detection of some toxogenic cyanobacteria in Tigris River in Baghdad-Iraq.Molecular biology reports · 2021Article
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- Low Temperature and Cold Stress Significantly Increase Saxitoxins (STXs) and Expression of STX Biosynthesis GenesMarine drugs · 2021Article
- Cell-growth gene expression reveals a direct fitness cost of grazer-induced toxin production in red tide dinoflagellate prey.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2021Article
- From theFrontiers in microbiology · 2021Article
- Current Status and Future Strategies to Increase Secondary Metabolite Production from Cyanobacteria.Microorganisms · 2020Review
- First Detection of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins fromMicroorganisms · 2020Article
- Biosynthesis of Saxitoxin in Marine Dinoflagellates: An Omics Perspective.Marine drugs · 2020Review
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The recent identification of genes involved in the production of the potent neurotoxin and keystone metabolite saxitoxin (STX) in marine eukaryotic phytoplankton has allowed us for the first time to develop molecular genetic methods to investigate the chemical ecology of harmful algal blooms in situ. We present a novel method for detecting and quantifying the potential for STX production in marine environmental samples. Our assay detects a domain of the gene sxtA that encodes a unique enzyme putatively involved in the sxt pathway in marine dinoflagellates, sxtA4. A product of the correct size was recovered from nine strains of four species of STX-producing Alexandrium and Gymnodinium catenatum and was not detected in the non-STX-producing Alexandrium species, other dinoflagellate cultures, or an environmental sample that did not contain known STX-producing species. However, sxtA4 was also detected in the non-STX-producing strain of Alexandrium tamarense, Tasmanian ribotype. We investigated the copy number of sxtA4 in three strains of Alexandrium catenella and found it to be relatively constant among strains. Using our novel method, we detected and quantified sxtA4 in three environmental blooms of Alexandrium catenella that led to STX uptake in oysters. We conclude that this method shows promise as an accurate, fast, and cost-effective means of quantifying the potential for STX production in marine samples and will be useful for biological oceanographic research and harmful algal bloom monitoring.
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