ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2011
Sex differences in HIV RNA level and CD4 cell percentage during childhood.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 62 citations in OpenAlex.
- Male sex identified by global COVID-19 meta-analysis as a risk factor for death and ITU admission.Nature communications · 2020Pooled it
- Trial
- Sex differences in responses to antiretroviral treatment in South African HIV-infected children on ritonavir-boosted lopinavir- and nevirapine-based treatment.BMC pediatrics · 2014Trial
- Early versus deferred antiretroviral therapy for children older than 1 year infected with HIV (PREDICT): a multicentre, randomised, open-label trial.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2012Trial
- Impact of sex differences in adult and paediatric HIV-1 cure.Current opinion in HIV and AIDS · 2026Review
- Dynamics of Intact and Defective Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Proviruses During Decades of Suppressive Antiretroviral Treatment in Young Adults With Perinatal HIV.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Clinical and immunovirological status in children, adolescents and young adults with early-life-acquired HIV: a Spanish multi-cohort analysis since 2020.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2026Article
- Sex-Specific Factors Influencing HIV Infection.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Learning from nature: HIV elite controllers as blueprints for a functional cure.Virology journal · 2025Review
- Sustained aviremia despite anti-retroviral therapy non-adherence in male children after in utero HIV transmission.Nature medicine · 2024Article
- Incidence and predictors of virological failure among HIV infected children and adolescents receiving second-line antiretroviral therapy in Uganda, a retrospective study.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- The impact of sex on HIV immunopathogenesis and therapeutic interventions.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2024Review
- Evolution of CD4 T-Cell Count With Age in a Cohort of Young People Growing Up With Perinatally Acquired Human Immunodeficiency Virus.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Article
- Empowering adolescents living with perinatally-acquired HIV: tailored CD4+ count assessment for optimized care, the EDCTP READY-study.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Article
- Sex and Age Impact CD4+ T Cell Susceptibility to HIV In Vitro through Cell Activation Dynamics.Cells · 2023Article
- Article
- Assessment of clinical and virological outcomes of rural and urban populations: COVID-19.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2022Article
- Development of a transition readiness score for adolescents living with perinatally-acquired HIV and transitioning to adult care.AIDS and behavior · 2022Article
- Contribution of Sex Differences to HIV Immunology, Pathogenesis, and Cure Approaches.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Demographic Disparities in Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19: Data From a Statewide Cohort in South Carolina.Open forum infectious diseases · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHIV-infected women have lower HIV RNA levels and higher CD4-cell counts than do men. This observation has been attributed to the immunomodulatory effects of sex steroid hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone. Limited data exist regarding potential sex differences in HIV RNA level and CD4 parameters among prepubertal children with untreated HIV infection.
methodsWe examined the relationship of sex to HIV RNA level and CD4 parameters among 670 perinatally HIV-infected, antiretroviral therapy-naive African children aged <18 years (median age, 4.8 years) using multivariate linear regression. In a subset of 188 children, we used longitudinal data to compare changes in HIV RNA levels and CD4 percentage over time. Levels of CD4 and CD8 T-cell activation (CD38+HLA-DR+) were also compared between boys and girls.
resultsFemale children had lower HIV RNA levels (P = .0004) and higher CD4 percentages (P < .0001), compared to male children. Multivariate linear regression demonstrated an independent association of sex with both HIV RNA level and CD4 percentages after controlling for other covariates. Multilevel mixed-effects linear regression analysis of longitudinal HIV RNA level and CD4 parameter data showed that sex differences persisted across all observed ages. Levels of T-cell activation did not differ between the sexes.
conclusionsSignificant sex differences in HIV RNA levels and CD4 parameters are present in HIV-infected children before the onset of puberty. These data suggest that intrinsic genetic differences between male and female individuals, unrelated to sex steroid hormone levels, influence HIV RNA level and CD4 parameters in HIV-infected individuals.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.