ArticleFrontiers in microbiology2011
Advances in genetic manipulation of obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens.
Article in Frontiers in microbiology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers.
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Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed.
- Obligatory intracellular bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum AnkA regulates actin dynamics and spatiotemporal bacterial release.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Modulation of host cell pathways bymLife · 2025Review
- CRISPR-Cas9-based approaches for genetic analysis and epistatic interaction studies inmSphere · 2024Article
- Role of Type 4B Secretion System Protein, IcmE, in the Pathogenesis ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Genomic Characteristics of Emerging Intraerythrocytic Anaplasma capra and High Prevalence in Goats, China.Emerging infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Overview of Q fever in Brazil: an underestimated zoonosis.Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo · 2023Review
- Advances in genetic manipulation ofFrontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Bringing genetics to heretofore intractable obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens: Chlamydia and beyond.PLoS pathogens · 2022Article
- The Coxiella burnetii T4SS effector protein AnkG hijacks the 7SK small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex for reprogramming host cell transcription.PLoS pathogens · 2022Article
- Comparative Genomics of Clinical Isolates of the Emerging Tick-Borne PathogenMicroorganisms · 2021Article
- TheJournal of bacteriology · 2021Article
- The anti-apoptotic Coxiella burnetii effector protein AnkG is a strain specific virulence factor.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Article
- The secreted protein kinase CstK fromThe Journal of biological chemistry · 2020Article
- Coxiella burnetii: international pathogen of mystery.Microbes and infection · 2020Review
- Lysosomal degradation products induceProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2020Article
- Chlamydial Infection From Outside to Inside.Frontiers in microbiology · 2019Review
- Floxed-Cassette Allelic Exchange Mutagenesis Enables Markerless Gene Deletion in Chlamydia trachomatis and Can Reverse Cassette-Induced Polar Effects.Journal of bacteriology · 2018Article
- Article
- Proteins of generalist and specialist pathogens differ in their amino acid composition.Life science alliance · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Infections by obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens result in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. These bacteria include Chlamydia spp., which causes millions of cases of sexually transmitted disease and blinding trachoma annually, and members of the α-proteobacterial genera Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Orientia, and Rickettsia, agents of serious human illnesses including epidemic typhus. Coxiella burnetii, the agent of human Q fever, has also been considered a prototypical obligate intracellular bacterium, but recent host cell-free (axenic) growth has rescued it from obligatism. The historic genetic intractability of obligate intracellular bacteria has severely limited molecular dissection of their unique lifestyles and virulence factors involved in pathogenesis. Host cell restricted growth is a significant barrier to genetic transformation that can make simple procedures for free-living bacteria, such as cloning, exceedingly difficult. Low transformation efficiency requiring long-term culture in host cells to expand small transformant populations is another obstacle. Despite numerous technical limitations, the last decade has witnessed significant gains in genetic manipulation of obligate intracellular bacteria including allelic exchange. Continued development of genetic tools should soon enable routine mutation and complementation strategies for virulence factor discovery and stimulate renewed interest in these refractory pathogens. In this review, we discuss the technical challenges associated with genetic transformation of obligate intracellular bacteria and highlight advances made with individual genera.
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