ArticleNature2011
The genome sequence of Atlantic cod reveals a unique immune system.
Article in Nature, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 335 papers.
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Who cites it
335 citing papers in PubMed.
- Chromosome-scale genome of European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus L., 1758) and comparative genomics uncover clupeid-specific immune gene expansions.DNA research : an international journal for rapid publication of reports on genes and genomes · 2026Article
- Unheralded high MHC class II polymorphism in the abundant Atlantic herring resolved by long-read sequencing.Science advances · 2026Article
- Loss of Major Histocompatibility Complex I and II Function in the Genome of Glacier Lanternfish Provides Insight Into Evolution of Vertebrate Immune Systems.Genome biology and evolution · 2026Article
- A chromosome-level genome for gila trout (Oncorhynchus gilae) provides a novel resource for conservation and management.BMC genomics · 2026Article
- Coexisting Atlantic Cod Ecotypes in the Barents Sea: An Issue for Managing Fisheries.Evolutionary applications · 2026Article
- Article
- Characterization of T-cell receptor loci and expressed repertoire reveals a capacity for robust T-cell response in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua).Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The evolution of the immune system of bees is defined by conservation, expansions, and losses.BMC biology · 2026Article
- Rapid genome modifications including chromosomal fusions and large-scale inversions are key features in Arctic codfish species.Genome biology · 2026Article
- Macroevolutionary changes in gene expression response to an immune stimulus across the diversity of fishes.Molecular biology and evolution · 2026Article
- Toll-like receptors in fish: evolution, structure, immune signaling, and translational prospects for adjuvant-based vaccine design in aquaculture.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- IgM-mediated protection drives early B-cell activation and mucosal containment ofFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- TLR25 is endosomally located and responds toFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Evolutionary diversification and immunoprofiling of cathepsin L toolkit in common carp.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Disruption of Myd88 in a salmonid epithelioid cell line reveals its contribution to bacterial detection and immune response.Cell and tissue research · 2025Article
- Review
- Symbiosis with and mimicry of corals were facilitated by immune gene loss and body remodeling in the pygmy seahorse.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Intron turnover of slc26a1 and slc26a2 and convergence of intron insertion sites.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Prematuration differences in male and female Atlantic cod: Investigating sex ratio, length and ecotype disparities in juveniles.Journal of fish biology · 2025Article
- A century of anthropogenic perturbations impact genomic signatures of the iconic migratory Atlantic cod.Science advances · 2025Article
275 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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42 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is a large, cold-adapted teleost that sustains long-standing commercial fisheries and incipient aquaculture. Here we present the genome sequence of Atlantic cod, showing evidence for complex thermal adaptations in its haemoglobin gene cluster and an unusual immune architecture compared to other sequenced vertebrates. The genome assembly was obtained exclusively by 454 sequencing of shotgun and paired-end libraries, and automated annotation identified 22,154 genes. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II is a conserved feature of the adaptive immune system of jawed vertebrates, but we show that Atlantic cod has lost the genes for MHC II, CD4 and invariant chain (Ii) that are essential for the function of this pathway. Nevertheless, Atlantic cod is not exceptionally susceptible to disease under natural conditions. We find a highly expanded number of MHC I genes and a unique composition of its Toll-like receptor (TLR) families. This indicates how the Atlantic cod immune system has evolved compensatory mechanisms in both adaptive and innate immunity in the absence of MHC II. These observations affect fundamental assumptions about the evolution of the adaptive immune system and its components in vertebrates.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.