ArticlePLoS genetics2011
Identification of functional toxin/immunity genes linked to contact-dependent growth inhibition (CDI) and rearrangement hotspot (Rhs) systems.
Article in PLoS genetics, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 139 papers.
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139 citing papers in PubMed, 184 citations in OpenAlex.
- Characterization of Two Rhs-Family Nuclease Toxins, YPO3609 and YPO3615, inMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Systematic identification of Salmonella T6SS effectors uncovers diverse new families and lipid-targeting activities.PLoS biology · 2026Article
- Hypermutable hotspot enables the rapid evolution of self/non-self recognition genes inProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Predicting clinical outcome ofMicrobial genomics · 2025Article
- The yxiD gene from Bacillus subtilis 6633 encodes a polymorphic toxin with tRNase activity and is neutralized by the cognate immunity protein YxxD.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
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- The dominant lineage of an emerging pathogen harbours contact-dependent inhibition systems.Microbial genomics · 2025Article
- Thioredoxin 1 moonlights as a chaperone for an interbacterial ADP-ribosyltransferase toxin.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Pangenome Analysis Reveals Novel Contact-Dependent Growth Inhibition System and Phenazine Biosynthesis Operons inMicroorganisms · 2024Article
- Mechanisms of bacterial immunity, protection, and survival during interbacterial warfare.Cell host & microbe · 2024Review
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- Identification of Protein Biomarkers for DifferentiatingFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- The evolution of short- and long-range weapons for bacterial competition.Nature ecology & evolution · 2023Article
- tRNA queuosine modification is involved in biofilm formation and virulence in bacteria.Nucleic acids research · 2023Article
- Rhs NADase effectors and their immunity proteins are exchangeable mediators of inter-bacterial competition in Serratia.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Killing in the name of: T6SS structure and effector diversity.Microbiology (Reading, England) · 2023Review
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- Bacterial type VI secretion system (T6SS): an evolved molecular weapon with diverse functionality.Biotechnology letters · 2023Review
79 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
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Abstract
Bacterial contact-dependent growth inhibition (CDI) is mediated by the CdiA/CdiB family of two-partner secretion proteins. Each CdiA protein exhibits a distinct growth inhibition activity, which resides in the polymorphic C-terminal region (CdiA-CT). CDI(+) cells also express unique CdiI immunity proteins that specifically block the activity of cognate CdiA-CT, thereby protecting the cell from autoinhibition. Here we show that many CDI systems contain multiple cdiA gene fragments that encode CdiA-CT sequences. These "orphan" cdiA-CT genes are almost always associated with downstream cdiI genes to form cdiA-CT/cdiI modules. Comparative genome analyses suggest that cdiA-CT/cdiI modules are mobile and exchanged between the CDI systems of different bacteria. In many instances, orphan cdiA-CT/cdiI modules are fused to full-length cdiA genes in other bacterial species. Examination of cdiA-CT/cdiI modules from Escherichia coli EC93, E. coli EC869, and Dickeya dadantii 3937 confirmed that these genes encode functional toxin/immunity pairs. Moreover, the orphan module from EC93 was functional in cell-mediated CDI when fused to the N-terminal portion of the EC93 CdiA protein. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that the genetic organization of CDI systems shares features with rhs (rearrangement hotspot) loci. Rhs proteins also contain polymorphic C-terminal regions (Rhs-CTs), some of which share significant sequence identity with CdiA-CTs. All rhs genes are followed by small ORFs representing possible rhsI immunity genes, and several Rhs systems encode orphan rhs-CT/rhsI modules. Analysis of rhs-CT/rhsI modules from D. dadantii 3937 demonstrated that Rhs-CTs have growth inhibitory activity, which is specifically blocked by cognate RhsI immunity proteins. Together, these results suggest that Rhs plays a role in intercellular competition and that orphan gene modules expand the diversity of toxic activities deployed by both CDI and Rhs systems.
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