ArticleJournal of anatomy1990
The human vertebral column at the end of the embryonic period proper. 4. The sacrococcygeal region.
Article in Journal of anatomy, 1990. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- [Bertolotti syndrome: an often overlooked cause of specific back pain].Orthopadie (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2025Pooled it
- Effects of Diacutaneous Fibrolysis on Passive Neuromuscular Response and Mechanosensitivity in Athletes with Hamstring Shortening: A Randomized Controlled Trial.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Trial
- Trial
- Sœmmerring's error: the root of the story. The C8 nerve is a misconception. A historical review and anatomical perspectives.Frontiers in neuroanatomy · 2025Article
- Anatomy of the pudendal nerve in clinically important areas: a pictorial essay and narrative review.Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA · 2024Review
- Coccydynia: anatomic origin and considerations regarding the effectiveness of injections for pain management.The Korean journal of pain · 2023Review
- Bipolar radiofrequency ablation of the anococcygeal nerve for the treatment of chronic coccydynia: A case report.Interventional pain medicine · 2022Article
- Osteomyelitis of a sacral neurocentral synchondrosis: a case report of another metaphyseal equivalent.Skeletal radiology · 2019Article
- Normal development of costal element ossification centers of sacral vertebrae in the fetal spine: a postmortem magnetic resonance imaging study.Neuroradiology · 2019Article
- Intraspinal intradural variations of nerve roots.Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA · 2017Article
- Closure of the vertebral canal in human embryos and fetuses.Journal of anatomy · 2017Article
- Cartilage formation in the pelvic skeleton during the embryonic and early-fetal period.PloS one · 2017Article
- Neck transfixion for sacral extradural spinal meningeal cysts without spinal nerve root fibers.European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2016Article
- Spinal dermal sinus and pseudo-dermal sinus tracts: two different entities.Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery · 2011Article
- Anatomical variations of lumbosacral plexus.Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA · 2010Article
- Morphometry by computerized three-dimensional reconstruction of the hypogastric plexus of a human fetus.Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA · 2003Article
- Developmental pathways of vertebral centra and neural arches in human embryos and fetuses.Anatomy and embryology · 1993Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The sacral and coccygeal vertebrae at 8 postovulatory weeks (the end of the embryonic period proper) have been studied by means of graphic reconstructions. The cartilaginous sacrum is now a definitive unit composed of five separable vertebrae, each of which consists of a future centrum and bilateral neural processes. The base of each neural process consists of an anterolateral or alar element, not present in the lumbar region, and a posterolateral part, which includes costal and transverse elements. The usual illustrations, in which the costal component is placed in the alar element, are incorrect. The future dorsal foramina (containing dorsal rami) face laterally in the embryo and are in line with the thoracicolumbar intervertebral foramina. Considerable differential growth is required to change the dorsal openings from a lateral to a dorsal positions. The intervertebral foramina transmit ventral rami, but pelvic foramina are not yet present. The lumbosacral plexus is completed by S.N.1-3; S.N.4, 5 and Co.N.1 form the pelvic plexus. The inferior hypogastric plexus and the hypogastric nerves are present. The sacrum takes part in the spina bifida occulta that characterises the entire length of the embryonic vertebral column. The coccygeal vertebrae, which are variable, were 4-6 in number in the present series. The first is the best developed. The ventriculus terminalis ends usually at the level of Co.V.1 and the spinal cord generally at Co.V.5. The coccygeal notochord ends commonly in bifurcation or trifurcation. 'Haemal arches' were not observed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
2182589PMC1256893What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.