ArticleBMC public health2011
A survey of schoolchildren's exposure to secondhand smoke in Malaysia.
Article in BMC public health, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Predictors of children's secondhand smoke exposure at home: a systematic review and narrative synthesis of the evidence.PloS one · 2014Pooled it
- The Effect of Adult Smoking Behavior on Children's Exposure to Secondhand Smoke. An Analysis Based on Salivary Cotinine Levels Among Children in Dhaka and Karachi.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Trial
- Association between household food security and socioeconomic status with paternal smoking: Findings from SEANUTS II Malaysia.PloS one · 2026Article
- COmmunities Facilitating incREasing Smoke-free Homes (CO-FRESH): co-developing a toolkit with local stakeholders in Indonesia and Malaysia.BMJ global health · 2025Article
- Knowledge, Beliefs, and Behaviors Related to Secondhand Smoke and Smoking in the Home: A Qualitative Study With Men in Malaysia.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2023Article
- Trend of passive smoking and associated factors in Iranian children and adolescents: the CASPIAN studies.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Parental health risk perceptions and preventive measures related to Children's second-hand cigarette smoke exposure in Malaysia.BMC public health · 2021Article
- Nicotine Dependence among Adolescents Single and Dual Cigarette Users.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Prevalence and factors related to secondhand smoke exposure among secondary school-going adolescents in Malaysia: Findings from Malaysia Global Health School Survey 2012 and 2017.Tobacco induced diseases · 2021Article
- Association between secondhand smoke exposure at home and cognitive performance among rural primary school children in Malaysia.Tobacco induced diseases · 2021Article
- Prevalence and factors associated with secondhand smoke exposure among Malaysian adolescents.Tobacco induced diseases · 2019Article
- Higher hair nicotine level in children compared to mother living with smoking father in Malaysia.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2016Article
- Second-Hand Smoking among Intermediate and Secondary School Students in Madinah, Saudi Arabia.BioMed research international · 2015Article
- Relationship between caregivers' smoking at home and urinary levels of cotinine in children.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThere is a lack of data describing the exposure of Malaysian schoolchildren to Secondhand Smoke (SHS). The aim of this study is to identify factors influencing schoolchildren's exposures to SHS in Malaysia.
methodThis cross-sectional study was carried out to measure salivary cotinine concentrations among 1064 schoolchildren (10-11 years) attending 24 schools in Malaysia following recent partial smoke-free restrictions. Parents completed questionnaires and schoolchildren provided saliva samples for cotinine assay.
resultsThe geometric mean (GM) salivary cotinine concentrations for 947 non-smoking schoolchildren stratified by household residents' smoking behaviour were: for children living with non-smoking parents 0.32 ng/ml (95% CI 0.28-0.37) (n = 446); for children living with a smoker father 0.65 ng/ml (95% CI 0.57-0.72) (n = 432); for children living with two smoking parents 1.12 ng/ml (95% CI 0.29-4.40) (n = 3); for children who live with an extended family member who smokes 0.62 ng/ml (95% CI 0.42-0.89) (n = 33) and for children living with two smokers (father and extended family member) 0.71 ng/ml (95% CI 0.40-0.97) (n = 44). Parental-reported SHS exposures showed poor agreement with children's self-reported SHS exposures. Multiple linear regression demonstrated that cotinine levels were positively associated with living with one or more smokers, urban residence, occupation of father (Armed forces), parental-reported exposure to SHS and education of the father (Diploma/Technical certificate).
conclusionsThis is the first study to characterise exposures to SHS using salivary cotinine concentrations among schoolchildren in Malaysia and also the first study documenting SHS exposure using salivary cotinine as a biomarker in a South-East Asian population of schoolchildren. Compared to other populations of similarly aged schoolchildren, Malaysian children have higher salivary cotinine concentrations. The partial nature of smoke-free restrictions in Malaysia is likely to contribute to these findings. Enforcement of existing legislation to reduce exposure in public place settings and interventions to reduce exposure at home, especially to implement effective home smoking restriction practices are required.
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