ArticleMolecular immunology2011
Zebrafish immunoglobulin IgD: unusual exon usage and quantitative expression profiles with IgM and IgZ/T heavy chain isotypes.
Article in Molecular immunology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 75 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Effects of Compound Chinese Herbal Medicine on the Growth and Digestive and Immune Systems ofAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Laboratory and physiological aspects of substitute metazoan models for in vivo pharmacotoxicological analysis.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Review
- Small Fish, Big Answers: Zebrafish and the Molecular Drivers of Metastasis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Zebrafish (International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Systematic characterization of immunoglobulin loci and deep sequencing of the expressed repertoire in the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua).BMC genomics · 2024Article
- Zebrafish: A Relevant Genetic Model for Human Primary Immunodeficiency (PID) Disorders?International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Socs3b regulates the development and function of innate immune cells in zebrafish.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Teleost Fish as an Experimental Model for Vaccine Development.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2022Article
- Identification of the Fc-alpha/mu receptor in Xenopus provides insight into the emergence of the poly-Ig receptor (pIgR) and mucosal Ig transport.European journal of immunology · 2021Article
- Mucosal immunoglobulins of teleost fish: A decade of advances.Developmental and comparative immunology · 2021Review
- On Origin and Evolution of the Antibody Molecule.Biology · 2021Review
- Immunoglobulins in teleosts.Immunogenetics · 2021Review
- Tipping the Scales With Zebrafish to Understand Adaptive Tumor Immunity.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2021Review
- Passive Immunization Delays Disease Outcome in Gilthead Sea Bream Infected WithFrontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- Interleukin 10 mutant zebrafish have an enhanced interferon gamma response and improved survival against a Mycobacterium marinum infection.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Zebrafish B Cell Development without a Pre-B Cell Stage, Revealed by CD79 Fluorescence Reporter Transgenes.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2017Article
- Fish Immunoglobulins.Biology · 2016Review
- Molecular Cloning and Expression Analysis of IgD in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Response to Streptococcus agalactiae Stimulus.International journal of molecular sciences · 2016Article
- Differential Modulation of IgT and IgM upon Parasitic, Bacterial, Viral, and Dietary Challenges in a Perciform Fish.Frontiers in immunology · 2016Article
- Characterization of the torafugu (Takifugu rubripes) immunoglobulin heavy chain gene locus.Immunogenetics · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The zebrafish is an emerging model for comparative immunology and biomedical research. In contrast to the five heavy chain isotype system of mice and human (IgD, IgM, IgA, IgG, IgE), zebrafish harbor gene segments for IgD, IgM, and novel heavy chain isotype called IgZ/T which appears restricted to bony fishes. The purpose of this study was to design and validate a suite of quantitative real time RT-PCR protocols to measure IgH expression in a vertebrate model which has considerable promise for modeling both pathogenic infection and chronic conditions leading to immune dysfunction. Specific primers were designed and following verification of their specificty, relative expression levels of IgD, IgM, and IgZ/T were measured in triplicate for zebrafish raised under standard laboratory conditions. During embryonic stages, low levels of each heavy chain isotype (IgH) were detected with each increasing steadily between 2 and 17 weeks post fertilization. Overall IgM>IgZ>IgD throughout zebrafish development with the copy number of IgM being several fold higher than that of IgD or IgZ/T. IgD exon usage was also characterized, as its extremely long size and presence of a stop codon in the second IgD exon in zebrafish, raised questions as to how this antibody might be expressed. Zebrafish IgD was found to be a chimeric immunoglobulin, with the third IgD exon spliced to the first IgM constant exon thereby circumventing the first and second IgD exons. Collectively, the qRT-PCR results represent the first comparative profile of IgD, IgM, IgZ/T expression over the lifespan of any fish species and the primers and assay parameters reported should prove useful in enabling researchers to rapidly quantify changes in IgH expression in zebrafish models of disease where altered IgH expression is manifested.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.