ArticleRespiratory research2011
Nasal lavage natural killer cell function is suppressed in smokers after live attenuated influenza virus.
Article in Respiratory research, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Diesel exposure suppresses natural killer cell function and resolution of eosinophil inflammation: a randomized controlled trial of exposure in allergic rhinitics.Particle and fibre toxicology · 2016Trial
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- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Elicits Glycolytic Metabolism in Pediatric Upper and Lower Airways.Viruses · 2025Article
- KLRB1 expression in nasopharyngeal mucosa as a prognostic biomarker in COVID-19 patients.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- E-Cigarette Use, Cigarette Smoking, and Sex Are Associated With Nasal Microbiome Dysbiosis.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
- Sinonasal DLBCL: molecular profiling identifies subtypes with distinctive prognosis and targetable genetic features.Blood advances · 2024Article
- High-throughput bioprinting of the nasal epithelium using patient-derived nasal epithelial cells.Biofabrication · 2023Article
- Characteristics of Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma, Nasal Type, Compared with Nasal Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma.Clinical Medicine Insights. Oncology · 2023Article
- Factors influencing the immunogenicity of influenza vaccines.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2021Review
- Electronic-Cigarette Use Alters Nasal Mucosal Immune Response to Live-attenuated Influenza Virus. A Clinical Trial.American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology · 2021Article
- Feasibility of flow cytometry in the rhinologist's clinic.Acta otorhinolaryngologica Italica : organo ufficiale della Societa italiana di otorinolaringologia e chirurgia cervico-facciale · 2020Article
- Inflammation, infection, and allergy of upper airways: new insights from national and real-world studies.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2020Article
- Smoking-induced iron dysregulation in the lung.Free radical biology & medicine · 2019Review
- Distinguishing Human Peripheral Blood NK Cells from CD56Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Gasoline particle filter reduces oxidative DNA damage in bronchial epithelial cells after whole gasoline exhaust exposure in vitro.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Prenatal tobacco smoke exposure predisposes offspring mice to exacerbated allergic airway inflammation associated with altered innate effector function.Particle and fibre toxicology · 2017Article
- Flavored e-cigarette liquids and cinnamaldehyde impair respiratory innate immune cell function.American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2017Article
- Novel applications for a noninvasive sampling method of the nasal mucosa.American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2017Article
- Expression of NKp46 Splice Variants in Nasal Lavage Following Respiratory Viral Infection: Domain 1-Negative Isoforms Predominate and Manifest Higher Activity.Frontiers in immunology · 2017Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundModified function of immune cells in nasal secretions may play a role in the enhanced susceptibility to respiratory viruses that is seen in smokers. Innate immune cells in nasal secretions have largely been characterized by cellular differentials using morphologic criteria alone, which have successfully identified neutrophils as a significant cell population within nasal lavage fluid (NLF) cells. However, flow cytometry may be a superior method to fully characterize NLF immune cells. We therefore characterized immune cells in NLF by flow cytometry, determined the effects of live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) on NLF and peripheral blood immune cells, and compared responses in samples obtained from smokers and nonsmokers.
methodsIn a prospective observational study, we characterized immune cells in NLF of nonsmokers at baseline using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Nonsmokers and smokers were inoculated with LAIV on day 0 and serial nasal lavages were collected on days 1-4 and day 9 post-LAIV. LAIV-induced changes of NLF cells were characterized using flow cytometry. Cell-free NLF was analyzed for immune mediators by bioassay. Peripheral blood natural killer (NK) cells from nonsmokers and smokers at baseline were stimulated in vitro with LAIV followed by flow cytometric and mediator analyses.
resultsCD45(+)CD56(-)CD16(+) neutrophils and CD45(+)CD56(+) NK cells comprised median 4.62% (range 0.33-14.52) and 23.27% (18.29-33.97), respectively, of non-squamous NLF cells in nonsmokers at baseline. LAIV did not induce changes in total NK cell or neutrophil percentages in either nonsmokers or smokers. Following LAIV inoculation, CD16(+) NK cell percentages and granzyme B levels increased in nonsmokers, and these effects were suppressed in smokers. LAIV inoculation enhanced expression of activating receptor NKG2D and chemokine receptor CXCR3 on peripheral blood NK cells from both nonsmokers and smokers in vitro but did not induce changes in CD16(+) NK cells or granzyme B activity in either group.
conclusionsThese data are the first to identify NK cells as a major immune cell type in the NLF cell population and demonstrate that mucosal NK cell cytotoxic function is suppressed in smokers following LAIV. Altered NK cell function in smokers suggests a potential mechanism that may enhance susceptibility to respiratory viruses.
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