SynthesisPloS one2011
Education as a predictor of chronic periodontitis: a systematic review with meta-analysis population-based studies.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 129 citations in OpenAlex.
- Influence of Inflammation, Gut Microbiota, and Stress on Cognition and Oral Health Therapies.Current Alzheimer research · 2025Pooled it
- Analgesic Efficacy of Curcuma longa (Curcumin) after Surgical Periodontal Therapy.Oral health & preventive dentistry · 2022Trial
- Twenty-Five-Year Follow-Up of Individuals With Intact Periodontium and Differing Susceptibility to Experimentally Induced Gingival Inflammation.Journal of clinical periodontology · 2026Article
- A Principled Framework for Mendelian Randomization in Oral Health Research.Journal of periodontal research · 2026Article
- Trends in Periodontitis by Socioeconomic Status in Brazil: National Surveys 1986-2023.Journal of clinical periodontology · 2026Article
- Exploring Patient-Reported Gingival Health in Adults Using Standardised International FDI Oral Health Observatory Data.International dental journal · 2026Article
- Oral Hygiene Status, Tooth Loss, and Periodontal Disease Severity in Mexican Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of dentistry · 2026Article
- Socioeconomic Inequalities in Oral Frailty Among Older Adults: A Causal Mediation Analysis on the Role of Prevention From Tooth Loss.Journal of oral rehabilitation · 2025Article
- Article
- The economic and societal impact of periodontal and peri-implant diseases.Periodontology 2000 · 2025Review
- Associations Between Socioeconomic, Spatial and Educational Factors and Midlife Periodontal Disease Risk: Evidence From 'High School and Beyond'.Journal of clinical periodontology · 2025Article
- The Relationship Between Dental Anxiety and Oral Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Periodontitis.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Relationship Between Low Education and Poor Periodontal Status among Mexican Adults Aged ≥50 Years.Oral health & preventive dentistry · 2024Article
- Mental Health, Socioeconomic Position, and Oral Health: A Path Analysis.Preventing chronic disease · 2024Article
- Can social adversity alter the epigenome, trigger oral disease, and affect future generations?Irish journal of medical science · 2024Review
- Article
- Overadjustment bias in systematic reviews and meta-analyses of socio-economic inequalities in health: a meta-research scoping review.International journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Assessment of Oral Health Status in a Prison Population in Northern Portugal.Journal of clinical and experimental dentistry · 2023Article
- Dental anxiety and oral health-related quality of life before and after non-surgical periodontal treatment.Clinical oral investigations · 2023Article
- Association of Peri-Implant Health Status With COVID-19.International dental journal · 2023Observational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe impact of socioeconomic inequalities on health is well-documented. Despite the links of periodontal disease with cardiovascular diseases, adverse pregnancy outcomes and diabetes, no meta-analysis of socioeconomic variations in periodontal disease exists. This meta-analytic review was conducted to determine the extent to which education attainment influences risk of periodontitis in adults aged 35+ years in the general population.
methodsThe authors searched studies published until November 2010 using EMBASE and MEDLINE databases. References listed were then scrutinised, our own files were checked, and, finally, we contacted experts in the field. The authors included only general population-based studies conducted in adults aged 35 years and more. All articles were blind reviewed by two investigators. In the case of disagreement, a third investigator arbitrated. Using PRISMA statement, two reviewers independently extracted papers of interest.
resultsRelative to the higher education group, people with low education attainment experience a greater risk of periodontitis (OR: 1.86 [1.66-2.10]; p<0.00001). The association was partially attenuated after adjustment for covariates (OR: 1.55 [1.30-1.86]; p<0.00001). Sensitivity analyses showed that methods used to assess periodontitis, definition of cases, study country and categorization of education are largely responsible for the heterogeneity between studies. No significant bias of publication was shown using both the Egger (p = 0.16) and rank correlation tests (p = 0.35).
conclusionsIn the studies reviewed, low educational attainment was associated with an increased risk of periodontitis. Although this evidence should be cautiously interpreted due to methodological problems in selected studies, efforts to eliminate educational inequalities in periodontitis should focus on early life interventions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.