ArticleDeutsches Arzteblatt international2011
Hormonal contraception--what kind, when, and for whom?
Article in Deutsches Arzteblatt international, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Psychedelics and women's mental health: the effects of female sex hormones on psychedelics' efficacy and tolerability.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Review
- Hormonal contraceptive use is associated with love intensity across 51 countries.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Prevalence, patterns and motives for hormonal contraceptive use among German servicewomen: results from a nationwide survey.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Muscular Performance Is Not Significantly Altered Throughout Phases of the Menstrual Cycle or a Hormonal Contraceptive Cycle in Collegiate Softball Players.Muscles (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Male Hormonal Contraception-Current Stage of Knowledge.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- A comparative study of hormonal contraceptive use and vitamin D levels at Gondar Town 2023.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Effects of hormonal contraceptives on lipid profile among women attending family planning unit in Goba Town Public Health Facilities, Bale, Southeast Ethiopia: a comparative cross-sectional study.Reproductive health · 2023Article
- Article
- Event-Related Potentials in Women on the Pill: Neural Correlates of Positive and Erotic Stimulus Processing in Oral Contraceptive Users.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2021Article
- The effect of oral contraceptive pills on the macula, the retinal nerve fiber layer, the ganglion cell layer and the choroidal thickness.BMC ophthalmology · 2019Observational
- Dyslipidemia and associated factors among women using hormonal contraceptives in Harar town, Eastern Ethiopia.BMC research notes · 2019Article
- Tideglusib, a prospective alternative to nonoxynol-9 contraceptive.Contraception: X · 2019Article
- Design, Synthesis, and in Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation of Ouabain Analogues as Potent and Selective Na,K-ATPase α4 Isoform Inhibitors for Male Contraception.Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2018Article
- Oral contraceptive use and fracture risk-a retrospective study of 12,970 women in the UK.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2017Article
- The impact of combined oral contraceptives on ocular tissues: a review of ocular effects.International journal of ophthalmology · 2017Review
- Influence of reproductive history and exogenous hormone use on prevalence and frequency of circulating t(14;18)-positive cells in a population-based cross-sectional study.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2015Article
- Acne and PCOS are less frequent in women with Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome despite a high rate of hyperandrogenemia: a cross-sectional study.Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E · 2014Article
- Impact of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in childhood on fertility in adulthood: the FeCt-survey of childhood cancer survivors in Germany.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2013Article
- Pulmonary emboli following oral contraceptive misuse and long air travel.Journal of research in medical sciences : the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences · 2012Article
- Correspondence (letter to the editor): Risk of venous thromboembolism.Deutsches Arzteblatt international · 2011Article
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Commented on by
- Commented on by
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIn Germany today, one-third of the 20 million women of child-bearing age use combined oral contraceptives (COCs). In this article, we summarize the current knowledge of the mode of action, wanted and unwanted side effects, and long-term risks of COCs. The levonorgestrel intrauterine device (IUD) and long-acting injectable or implantable monophasic progestogen preparations offer comparable contraceptive efficacy to COCs. Nonetheless, they are less frequently used in Germany than COCs, because of their propensity to cause breakthrough bleeding.
methodSelective review of the literature.
resultsCOCs suppress gonadotropin secretion and thereby inhibit follicular maturation and ovulation. Their correct use is associated with 0.3 pregnancies per 100 women per year, their typical use, with 1 pregnancy per 100 women per year (Pearl index). COCs have effects on the cardiovascular and hemostatic systems as well as on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. When given in the presence of specific risk factors, they significantly increase the likelihood of cardiovascular disease and thromboembolism. Women with persistent human papilloma virus (HPV) infection who take COCs are at increased risk of developing invasive cervical cancer. On the other hand, COCs lower the cumulative incidence of endometrial and ovarian cancer by 30% to 50%, and that of colorectal cancer by 20% to 30%. Other malignancies seem to be unaffected by COC use.
conclusionAs long as personal and familial risk factors are carefully considered, COCs constitute a safe, reversible, and well-tolerated method of contraception.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.