SynthesisSchizophrenia bulletin2011
Is traumatic brain injury a risk factor for schizophrenia? A meta-analysis of case-controlled population-based studies.
Synthesis in Schizophrenia bulletin, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 123 citations in OpenAlex.
- Specificity of environmental risk factors for schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, and depressive disorders - umbrella review.Psychological medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Risk of psychosis following mild traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2025Pooled it
- Environmental Risk Factors in Bipolar Disorder and Psychotic Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2021Pooled it
- The Maudsley environmental risk score for psychosis.Psychological medicine · 2020Pooled it
- Evidence-based atlas of risk and protective factors for psychotic disorders: an umbrella review to inform personalized prognosis and prevention.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2026Article
- Association of Concussion With an Increased Risk of Psychotic Disorders: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Cureus · 2026Article
- Health Outcomes Following Traumatic Brain Injury: An Umbrella Review.Neuropsychology review · 2026Review
- Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders in Traumatic Brain Injury: Clinical Implications and Management Strategies.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Article
- Impact of traumatic brain injury on risk for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.Psychiatry research · 2024Article
- Traumatic Brain Injury and Risk of Schizophrenia and Other Non-mood Psychotic Disorders: Findings From a Large Inpatient Database in the United States.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2024Article
- Psychotic Symptoms in Patients With Major Neurological Diseases.Journal of clinical neurology (Seoul, Korea) · 2024Review
- The Prognostic Role of Candidate Serum Biomarkers in the Post-Acute and Chronic Phases of Disorder of Consciousness: A Preliminary Study.Brain sciences · 2024Article
- Psychiatric sequelae of traumatic brain injury - future directions in research.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2023Review
- Management of Psychiatric Disorders in Patients with Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury.Indian journal of psychiatry · 2022Article
- Psychotic Disorders in Epilepsy: Do They Differ from Primary Psychosis?Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2022Article
- Abnormal Functional Network Topology and Its Dynamics during Sustained Attention Processing Significantly Implicate Post-TBI Attention Deficits in Children.Brain sciences · 2021Article
- Identifying degenerative effects of repetitive head trauma with neuroimaging: a clinically-oriented review.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2021Review
- Environmental Risk Factors for Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder and Their Relationship to Genetic Risk: Current Knowledge and Future Directions.Frontiers in genetics · 2021Review
- Hippocampal atrophy is associated with psychotic symptom severity following traumatic brain injury.Brain communications · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is known to lead to a range of adverse psychiatric sequelae but the question of whether TBI is a risk factor for psychosis and, in particular, schizophrenia remains unclear. Studies examining this issue have yielded conflicting results. We carried out a systematic review of the literature on TBI and psychosis in order to identify all population-based controlled studies which provide estimates of risk for schizophrenia following TBI. Odds ratios (ORs) were combined using random effects meta-analysis. Our literature search yielded 172 studies which were considered to be potentially relevant. From these, we identified 9 studies that could provide estimates of risk in the form of ORs. The pooled analysis revealed a significant association between TBI and schizophrenia (OR = 1.65; 95% CI = 1.17-2.32), with significant heterogeneity between the studies. Estimates from the family studies (OR = 2.8: 95% CI =1.76-4.47) were higher than those from the cohort/nested case-control studies (OR = 1.42: 95% CI = 1.02-1.97) by a factor of almost 2. There did not appear to be a dose-response relationship between severity of head injury and subsequent risk of schizophrenia. This meta-analysis supports an increased risk of schizophrenia following TBI, with a larger effect in those with a genetic predisposition to psychosis. Further epidemiological and neuroscientific studies to elucidate the mechanisms underlying this association are warranted.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.