Evidence map›Paper›PMID 21807844›Full record

ArticleCancer research2011

Vitamin D3 enhances the apoptotic response of epithelial tumors to aminolevulinate-based photodynamic therapy.

Sanjay Anand, Clara Wilson, Tayyaba Hasan, Edward V Maytin

Registry-linked trialOpen access · bronzeAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Cancer research, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07241585 (Vitamin D Effects on Immune Microenvironment of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer After Photodynamic Therapy), which is not on this map. Cited by 50 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
50citing papers in PubMed
5.0field-weighted citation impact, top 5% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT07241585 narecruitingnot on this mapstarted 2026, after this paper: background citation

Vitamin D Effects on Immune Microenvironment of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer After Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)

TypeinterventionalSponsorCase Comprehensive Cancer CenterRan2026 to 2027Enrolled54ConditionsNonmelanoma Skin Cancer, Basal Cell Carcinoma, Squamous Cell CarcinomaArmsVitamin D (VitD), Placebo, Photodynamic therapy (PDT), Mohs surgery or electrodessication & curettage (ED&C) (standard of care)
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

50 citing papers in PubMed, 93 citations in OpenAlex.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Sanjay AnandDepartment of Dermatology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
Clara Wilson
Tayyaba Hasan
Edward V Maytin
Cleveland Clinic · USMassachusetts General Hospital · US

Funding

CTSA INFRASTRUCTURE FOR PEDIATRIC RESEARCHUL1RR024989 · NCRR · CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY · PI DAVIS, PAMELA B · 2007 to 2011
$53.7M
Small Molecule Enhancers of Photodynamic Therapy for Skin CancerP01CA084203 · NCI · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI Brian William Pogue · 2001 to 2026
$27.9M
NCI NIH HHS P01 CA084203NCI NIH HHS P01-CA84203
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Photodynamic therapy, mediated by exogenously administered aminolevulinic acid (ALA-PDT), followed by exposure to a laser or broadband light source, is a promising modality for treatment of many types of cancers; however, it remains inadequate to treat large, deep, solid tumors. In this article, we report that calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D3, can be administered before ALA as a nontoxic preconditioning regimen to markedly increase the efficacy of ALA-PDT. Using mouse models of squamous cell skin cancer for preclinical proof of concept, we showed that calcitriol, delivered topically or intraperitoneally, increased tumoral accumulation of the PDT-activated ALA product protoporphyrin-IX (PpIX) up to 10-fold, mainly by altering expression of the porphyrin-synthesis enzymes coproporphyrinogen oxidase (increased) and ferrochelatase (decreased). Calcitriol-pretreated tumors underwent enhanced apoptotic cell death after ALA-based PDT. Mechanistic studies have documented activation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway, with specific cleavage of caspase-8 and increased production of TNF-α in tumors preconditioned by calcitriol treatment before receiving ALA-PDT. Very low doses of calcitriol (0.1-1 μg/kg body weight) were sufficient to elicit tumor-selective enhancement to ALA-PDT efficacy, rendering toxicity concerns negligible. Our findings define a simple, nontoxic, and highly effective preconditioning regimen to enhance the response of epithelial tumors to ALA-PDT, possibly broadening its clinical applications by selectively enhancing accumulation of photosensitizer PpIX together with TNF-α in tumors.

Indexed as

Aminolevulinic AcidAnimalsCalcitriolCarcinoma, Squamous CellCaspase 3Caspase 8Cell DifferentiationCell Growth ProcessesDrug SynergismHumansMicePhotochemotherapyPhotosensitizing AgentsSkin NeoplasmsTumor Necrosis Factor-alphaXenograft Model Antitumor AssaysAminolevulinic AcidCalcitriolCaspase 3Caspase 8Photosensitizing AgentsTumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Identifiers

PMID21807844
PMCPMC3360482
OpenAlexW2137950535

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.