ReviewJournal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia2011
Pregnancy-induced changes in breast cancer risk.
Review in Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 100 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of reproductive risk factors and breast cancer molecular subtypes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC cancer · 2023Pooled it
- Age at First Pregnancy, Adult Weight Gain and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Risk: The PROCAS Study (United Kingdom).International journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Induced abortion, miscarriage, and the risk of breast cancer-A registry-based study from Finland.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2026Article
- Understanding Susceptibility to Breast Cancer: From Risk Factors to Prevention Strategies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Rat Models of Breast Cancer.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2025Review
- Risk factors for breast cancer subtypes by race and ethnicity: a scoping review.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2024Article
- Risk factors for breast cancer subtypes by race and ethnicity: A scoping review of the literature.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- A genome-wide gene-based gene-environment interaction study of breast cancer in more than 90,000 women.Cancer research communications · 2022Article
- Gestational diabetes and risk of breast cancer before age 55 years.International journal of epidemiology · 2022Article
- Trajectories of alcohol consumption during life and the risk of developing breast cancer.British journal of cancer · 2021Article
- Is Gestational Diabetes Mellitus a Risk Factor of Maternal Breast Cancer? A Systematic Review of the Literature.Biomedicines · 2021Review
- Comprehensive analysis of regulation of DNA methyltransferase isoforms in human breast tumors.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2021Review
- Relationships between Breast Feeding and Breast Cancer Subtypes: Lessons Learned from Studies in Humans and in Mice.Cancer research · 2020Review
- The effect of length of birth interval on the risk of breast cancer by subtype in grand multiparous women.BMC cancer · 2019Article
- Histology and Transcriptome Profiles of the Mammary Gland across Critical Windows of Development in Sprague Dawley Rats.Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia · 2018Article
- Breast Cancer Risk Factors: a Cross- Cultural Comparison between the West and the EastAsian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2018Article
- Cancer prevalence among flight attendants compared to the general population.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2018Article
- The role of pregnancy, perinatal factors and hormones in maternal cancer risk: a review of the evidence.Journal of internal medicine · 2018Review
- Bioavailable serum estradiol may alter radiation risk of postmenopausal breast cancer: a nested case-control study.International journal of radiation biology · 2018Article
- Third Trimester Estrogens and Maternal Breast Cancer: Prospective Evidence.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Breast cancer is the malignant disease most frequently diagnosed in women of all races and nationalities. Since the 1970s the worldwide incidence of this disease has increased 30-40% in postmenopausal women, in whom, paradoxically, the risk of developing breast cancer is significantly reduced by an early first full term pregnancy (FTP) as compared to nulliparous and late parous women. Although the cause of breast cancer is not known, the mechanisms mediating the protection conferred by an early FTP have been identified to reside in the breast itself, and to be modulated by endogenous and environmental exposures that might negatively affect this organ during specific windows in its development that extend from prenatal life until the first pregnancy. Soon after conception the embryo initiates the production of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), the glycoprotein hormone that is diagnostic of pregnancy. HCG in conjunction with ovarian steroid hormones primes the hypothalamic neuroendocrine system for maintaining the pregnancy. Higher levels of hCG during the first trimester of pregnancy have been associated with a reduction in maternal breast cancer incidence after age 50. In preclinical studies it has been demonstrated that both FTP and hCG treatment of virgin rats prevent the development of chemically-induced mammary tumors, a phenomenon mediated by the differentiation of the mammary gland epithelial cells prior to carcinogen exposure. Complete differentiation proceeds through complex morphological, physiological and molecular changes that occur during pregnancy and lactation, that ultimately result in increased DNA repair capabilities of the mammary epithelium, activation of genes controlling differentiation and programmed cell death and imprinting in the breast epithelium a specific and permanent genomic signature of pregnancy. This signature is indicative of a reduced breast cancer risk and serves as a molecular biomarker of differentiation for evaluating the potential use of chemopreventive agents.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.