ArticleAnesthesiology2011
Norepinephrine infusion into nucleus basalis elicits microarousal in desflurane-anesthetized rats.
Article in Anesthesiology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Drug-associated insomnia: A pharmacovigilance study based on FDA adverse event reporting system.Medicine · 2026Article
- "Schrödinger's Rat": Testing Consciousness Under Anesthesia Alters Brain State and Neuronal Responses in Auditory Cortex.Nature and science of sleep · 2026Article
- Neural models for detection and classification of brain states and transitions.Communications biology · 2025Article
- VCP controls KCC2 degradation through FAF1 recruitment and accelerates emergence from anesthesia.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Time to Wake Up! The Ongoing Search for General Anesthetic Reversal Agents.Anesthesiology · 2024Article
- Review
- Arousal system stimulation and anesthetic state alter visuoparietal connectivity.Frontiers in systems neuroscience · 2023Article
- Prefrontal cortex as a key node in arousal circuitry.Trends in neurosciences · 2022Review
- Neural Substrates for the Regulation of Sleep and General Anesthesia.Current neuropharmacology · 2022Review
- Activation of Dopamine Signals in the Olfactory Tubercle Facilitates Emergence from Isoflurane Anesthesia in Mice.Neurochemical research · 2021Article
- Noninvasive Ultrasound Stimulation of Ventral Tegmental Area Induces Reanimation from General Anaesthesia in Mice.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2021Article
- Robust alternative to the righting reflex to assess arousal in rodents.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Dopaminergic D1 receptors in the nucleus basalis modulate recovery from propofol anesthesia in rats.Iranian journal of basic medical sciences · 2020Article
- Activating an anterior nucleus gigantocellularis subpopulation triggers emergence from pharmacologically-induced coma in rodents.Nature communications · 2019Article
- Escape From Oblivion: Neural Mechanisms of Emergence From General Anesthesia.Anesthesia and analgesia · 2019Review
- Differential Role of Prefrontal and Parietal Cortices in Controlling Level of Consciousness.Current biology : CB · 2018Article
- Optogenetic activation of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area induces reanimation from general anesthesia.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2016Article
- Neural Correlates of Wakefulness, Sleep, and General Anesthesia: An Experimental Study in Rat.Anesthesiology · 2016Article
- Physostigmine and Methylphenidate Induce Distinct Arousal States During Isoflurane General Anesthesia in Rats.Anesthesia and analgesia · 2016Article
- Sleep Homeostasis and General Anesthesia: Are Fruit Flies Well Rested after Emergence from Propofol?Anesthesiology · 2016Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe nucleus basalis of Meynert of the basal forebrain has been implicated in the regulation of the state of consciousness across normal sleep-wake cycles. Its role in the modulation of general anesthesia was investigated.
methodsRats were chronically implanted with bilateral infusion cannulae in the nucleus basalis of Meynert and epidural electrodes to record the electroencephalogram in frontal and visual cortices. Animals were anesthetized with desflurane at a concentration required for the loss of righting reflex (4.6 ± 0.5%). Norepinephrine (17.8 nmol) or artificial cerebrospinal fluid was infused at 0.2 μl/min (1 μl total). Behavioral response to infusion was measured by scoring the orofacial, limb, and head movements, and postural changes.
resultsBehavioral responses were higher after norepinephrine (2.1 ± 1) than artificial cerebrospinal fluid (0.63 ± 0.8) infusion (P < 0.01, Student t test). Responses were brief (1-2 min), repetitive, and more frequent after norepinephrine infusion (P < 0.0001, chi-square test). Electroencephalogram delta power decreased after norepinephrine in frontal (70 ± 7%) but not in visual cortex (P < 0.05, Student t test). Simultaneously, electroencephalogram cross-approximate entropy between frontal and visual cortices increased from 3.17 ± 0.56 to 3.85 ± 0.29 after norepinephrine infusion (P < 0.01, Student t test). Behavioral activation was predictable by the decrease in frontal delta power (logistic regression, P < 0.05).
conclusionsNorepinephrine infusion into the nucleus basalis of Meynert can modulate anesthetic depth presumably by ascending activation of the cortex. The transient nature of the responses suggests a similarity with microarousals normally observed during natural sleep, and may imply a mechanism for transient awareness under light anesthesia.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.