ArticlePloS one2011
Nanovesicles from Malassezia sympodialis and host exosomes induce cytokine responses--novel mechanisms for host-microbe interactions in atopic eczema.
Article in PloS one, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 95 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
95 citing papers in PubMed, 160 citations in OpenAlex.
- Extracellular vesicles in human fungal pathogens: Biogenesis, functions, and translational applications.Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea) · 2026Review
- Extracellular Vesicles in Allergy: From Cellular Communication to Clinical Implications.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- Microbiome dysbiosis and therapeutic restoration in atopic dermatitis.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Extracellular vesicles in atopic dermatitis: unraveling pathogenic mediators and engineering therapeutic vectors.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Extracellular vesicles produced byExtracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids · 2026Review
- Skin microbiome engineering: Challenges and opportunities in skin diseases treatment.iMetaOmics · 2025Review
- Things you wanted to know about fungal extracellular vesicles (but were afraid to ask).PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Extracellular Vesicles and Their Role in Skin Inflammatory Diseases: From Pathogenesis to Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The impact of Aureobasidium melanogenum cells and extracellular vesicles on human cell lines.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- From Skin and Gut to the Brain: The Infectious Journey of the Human Commensal Fungus Malassezia and Its Neurological Consequences.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Extracellular vesicles and their mimetics: clinical application prospects in medical aesthetics.Burns & trauma · 2025Article
- Review
- Oral fungal dysbiosis and systemic immune dysfunction in Chinese patients with schizophrenia.Translational psychiatry · 2024Article
- What are the 100 most cited fungal genera?Studies in mycology · 2024Article
- Atypical and Unpredictable Superficial Mycosis Presentations: A Narrative Review.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Extracellular Vesicles fromJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Extracellular vesicles from the mycoparasitic fungus Trichoderma harzianum.Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · 2024Article
- The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Atopic Dermatitis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Microbial Extracellular Vesicles in Host-Microbiota Interactions.Results and problems in cell differentiation · 2024Review
- Immunomodulatory Potential of Fungal Extracellular Vesicles: Insights for Therapeutic Applications.Biomolecules · 2023Review
35 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIntercellular communication can occur via the release of membrane vesicles. Exosomes are nanovesicles released from the endosomal compartment of cells. Depending on their cell of origin and their cargo they can exert different immunoregulatory functions. Recently, fungi were found to produce extracellular vesicles that can influence host-microbe interactions. The yeast Malassezia sympodialis which belongs to our normal cutaneous microbial flora elicits specific IgE- and T-cell reactivity in approximately 50% of adult patients with atopic eczema (AE). Whether exosomes or other vesicles contribute to the inflammation has not yet been investigated.
objectiveTo investigate if M. sympodialis can release nanovesicles and whether they or endogenous exosomes can activate PBMC from AE patients sensitized to M. sympodialis.
methodsExtracellular nanovesicles isolated from M. sympodialis, co-cultures of M. sympodialis and dendritic cells, and from plasma of patients with AE and healthy controls (HC) were characterised using flow cytometry, sucrose gradient centrifugation, Western blot and electron microscopy. Their ability to stimulate IL-4 and TNF-alpha responses in autologous CD14, CD34 depleted PBMC was determined using ELISPOT and ELISA, respectively.
resultsWe show for the first time that M. sympodialis releases extracellular vesicles carrying allergen. These vesicles can induce IL-4 and TNF-α responses with a significantly higher IL-4 production in patients compared to HC. Exosomes from dendritic cell and M. sympodialis co-cultures induced IL-4 and TNF-α responses in autologous CD14, CD34 depleted PBMC of AE patients and HC while plasma exosomes induced TNF-α but not IL-4 in undepleted PBMC.
conclusionsExtracellular vesicles from M. sympodialis, dendritic cells and plasma can contribute to cytokine responses in CD14, CD34 depleted and undepleted PBMC of AE patients and HC. These novel observations have implications for understanding host-microbe interactions in the pathogenesis of AE.
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