ArticleThe New England journal of medicine2011
Protective effect of natural rotavirus infection in an Indian birth cohort.
Article in The New England journal of medicine, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 107 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
107 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 225 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vaccines for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea: vaccines in use.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2021Pooled it
- Association of enteropathogen detection with diarrhoea by age and high versus low child mortality settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet. Global health · 2021Pooled it
- Vaccines for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea: vaccines in use.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2019Pooled it
- Efficacy of live oral rotavirus vaccines by duration of follow-up: a meta-regression of randomised controlled trials.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2019Pooled it
- Vaccines for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea: vaccines in use.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2019Pooled it
- Neonatal research in India: current status, challenges, and the way forward.Indian journal of pediatrics · 2014Pooled it
- Protection conferred by typhoid fever against recurrent typhoid fever in urban Kolkata.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2020Trial
- Antirotavirus IgA seroconversion rates in children who receive concomitant oral poliovirus vaccine: A secondary, pooled analysis of Phase II and III trial data from 33 countries.PLoS medicine · 2019Trial
- Timing and predictors of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis among unvaccinated infants in low- and middle-income countries.Epidemiology and infection · 2018Trial
- Quantifying the Impact of Natural Immunity on Rotavirus Vaccine Efficacy Estimates: A Clinical Trial in Dhaka, Bangladesh (PROVIDE) and a Simulation Study.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2018Trial
- Open-Label Pilot Study to Compare the Safety and Immunogenicity of Pentavalent Rotavirus Vaccine (RV5) Administered on an Early Alternative Dosing Schedule with Those of RV5 Administered on the Recommended Standard Schedule.Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · 2018Trial
- Rotavirus shedding following administration of RV3-BB human neonatal rotavirus vaccine.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2017Trial
- Human fecal and pathogen exposure pathways in rural Indian villages and the effect of increased latrine coverage.Water research · 2016Trial
- Immune response and intestinal permeability in children with acute gastroenteritis treated with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2014Trial
- Association of serum anti-rotavirus immunoglobulin A antibody seropositivity and protection against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis: analysis of clinical trials of human rotavirus vaccine.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2014Trial
- Efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of two doses of a tetravalent rotavirus vaccine RRV-TV in Ghana with the first dose administered during the neonatal period.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2013Trial
- Trial
- Immune response to rotavirus vaccines in low- and middle-income countries: Challenges and perspectives.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Rotavirus mucosal immunology: insights and research priorities from an international convening in Liverpool, March 2024.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Pentavalent rotavirus vaccine effectiveness among children in Shenzhen, China: A population-based test-negative design with directed acyclic graphs bias adjustment.Infectious medicine · 2025Article
47 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 8 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMore than 500,000 deaths are attributed to rotavirus gastroenteritis annually worldwide, with the highest mortality in India. Two successive, naturally occurring rotavirus infections have been shown to confer complete protection against moderate or severe gastroenteritis during subsequent infections in a birth cohort in Mexico. We studied the protective effect of rotavirus infection on subsequent infection and disease in a birth cohort in India (where the efficacy of oral vaccines in general has been lower than expected).
methodsWe recruited children at birth in urban slums in Vellore; they were followed for 3 years after birth, with home visits twice weekly. Stool samples were collected every 2 weeks, as well as on alternate days during diarrheal episodes, and were tested by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and polymerase-chain-reaction assay. Serum samples were obtained every 6 months and evaluated for seroconversion, defined as an increase in the IgG antibody level by a factor of 4 or in the IgA antibody level by a factor of 3.
resultsOf 452 recruited children, 373 completed 3 years of follow-up. Rotavirus infection generally occurred early in life, with 56% of children infected by 6 months of age. Levels of reinfection were high, with only approximately 30% of all infections identified being primary. Protection against moderate or severe disease increased with the order of infection but was only 79% after three infections. With G1P[8], the most common viral strain, there was no evidence of homotypic protection.
conclusionsEarly infection and frequent reinfection in a locale with high viral diversity resulted in lower protection than has been reported elsewhere, providing a possible explanation why rotavirus vaccines have had lower-than-expected efficacy in Asia and Africa. (Funded by the Wellcome Trust.).
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.