ArticleThe EMBO journal2011
Vaccinia extracellular virions enter cells by macropinocytosis and acid-activated membrane rupture.
Article in The EMBO journal, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 70 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
70 citing papers in PubMed.
- Seminal fluid enhances monkeypox virus infection via amyloidogenic fibrils.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Infection cycles of viruses of the phylum Nucleocytoviricota.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- Antiviral innate immunity and adaptive immune responses against monkeypox and viral immune evasion.World journal of virology · 2026Review
- Chemical Cell Lysis with Clarification Filtration of Suspension Cell Culture-Derived Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Poxvirus dsDNA genomes differentially activate AIM2 or NLRP3 inflammasomes in human primary cells.The EMBO journal · 2026Article
- Interactions between extracellular vesicles and viruses: lessons learned across species and kingdoms.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- The Impact of Monkeypox Virus Infection on Pregnancy Outcome: Clinical Features and Potential Pathogenic Mechanisms.Journal of immunology research · 2026Review
- Emerging strategies for monkeypox: antigen and antibody applications in diagnostics, vaccines, and treatments.Military Medical Research · 2025Review
- Monoclonal Antibodies in Light of Mpox Outbreak: Current Research, Therapeutic Targets, and Animal Models.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Emerging interplays between poxviruses and autophagy.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Massive entry of BK Polyomavirus induces transient cytoplasmic vacuolization of human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Vaccinia virus subverts xenophagy through phosphorylation and nuclear targeting of p62.The Journal of cell biology · 2024Article
- Bisbenzimide compounds inhibit the replication of prototype and pandemic potential poxviruses.Microbiology spectrum · 2024Article
- Article
- Cardiac glycosides inhibit early and late vaccinia virus protein expression.The Journal of general virology · 2024Article
- The vaccinia chondroitin sulfate binding protein drives host membrane curvature to facilitate fusion.EMBO reports · 2024Article
- Mpox (formerly monkeypox): pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2023Review
- Monkeypox: A comprehensive review of a multifaceted virus.Infectious medicine · 2023Review
- A succession of two viral lattices drives vaccinia virus assembly.PLoS biology · 2023Article
- Monkeypox in pregnancy: virology, clinical presentation, and obstetric management.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2022Review
10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV), the model poxvirus, produces two types of infectious particles: mature virions (MVs) and extracellular virions (EVs). EV particles possess two membranes and therefore require an unusual cellular entry mechanism. By a combination of fluorescence and electron microscopy as well as flow cytometry, we investigated the cellular processes that EVs required to infect HeLa cells. We found that EV particles were endocytosed, and that internalization and infection depended on actin rearrangements, activity of Na(+)/H(+) exchangers, and signalling events typical for the macropinocytic mechanism of endocytosis. To promote their internalization, EVs were capable of actively triggering macropinocytosis. EV infection also required vacuolar acidification, and acid exposure in endocytic vacuoles was needed to disrupt the outer EV membrane. Once exposed, the underlying MV-like particle presumably fused its single membrane with the limiting vacuolar membrane. Release of the viral core into the host cell cytosol allowed for productive infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.