ArticleJournal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN2011
Colonic contribution to uremic solutes.
Article in Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 4 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 223 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effects of Short-chain Fatty Acids, Here Sodium Propionate, a Metabolism Product of the Human Gut-microbiome, on Inflammatory and Metabolic Parameters in Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis - a Pilot Study
The Correlation Between Gut Microbiome/Metabolite and End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)
Effects of Probiotics on Metabolism of Uremic Toxin in Patients With End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)
Association Between Fecal Microbiota Composition, Metabolite Concentrations, and Indoxyl Sulfate Levels in Hemodialysis Patients
Who cites it
223 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Gut Microbiome in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Stages 4 and 5: A Systematic Literature Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Effects of resistant starch supplementation on renal function and inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Renal failure · 2024Pooled it
- Gastrointestinal Microbiota in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2019Pooled it
- Effects of Probiotics on Inflammation and Uremic Toxins Among Patients on Dialysis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2019Pooled it
- Pooled it
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- Trial
- Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus attenuates uremic toxins in patients with nondialysis chronic kidney disease through the anti-inflammatory molecules.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Trial
- Trial
- Trial
- Synbiotics Easing Renal Failure by Improving Gut Microbiology (SYNERGY): A Randomized Trial.Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN · 2016Trial
- Trial
- Effect of increasing dietary fiber on plasma levels of colon-derived solutes in hemodialysis patients.Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN · 2014Trial
- Cardiovascular disease relates to intestinal uptake of p-cresol in patients with chronic kidney disease.BMC nephrology · 2014Trial
- Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome through the lens of gut‑derived uremic toxins.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Anaerobic riboflavin degradation by human gutJournal of bacteriology · 2026Article
- Microparticles at the crossroads of the gut-kidney axis: Mechanistic drivers and therapeutic horizons in hemodialysis.World journal of nephrology · 2026Review
- Review
163 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Microbes in the colon produce compounds, normally excreted by the kidneys, which are potential uremic toxins. Although p-cresol sulfate and indoxyl sulfate are well studied examples, few other compounds are known. Here, we compared plasma from hemodialysis patients with and without colons to identify and further characterize colon-derived uremic solutes. HPLC confirmed the colonic origin of p-cresol sulfate and indoxyl sulfate, but levels of hippurate, methylamine, and dimethylamine were not significantly lower in patients without colons. High-resolution mass spectrometry detected more than 1000 features in predialysis plasma samples. Hierarchical clustering based on these features clearly separated dialysis patients with and without colons. Compared with patients with colons, we identified more than 30 individual features in patients without colons that were either absent or present in lower concentration. Almost all of these features were more prominent in plasma from dialysis patients than normal subjects, suggesting that they represented uremic solutes. We used a panel of indole and phenyl standards to identify five colon-derived uremic solutes: α-phenylacetyl-l-glutamine, 5-hydroxyindole, indoxyl glucuronide, p-cresol sulfate, and indoxyl sulfate. However, compounds with accurate mass values matching most of the colon-derived solutes could not be found in standard metabolomic databases. These results suggest that colonic microbes may produce an important portion of uremic solutes, most of which remain unidentified.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.