ArticleBrain research2011
CSF xanthine, homovanillic acid, and their ratio as biomarkers of Parkinson's disease.
Article in Brain research, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 78 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dietary Yam (Nutrients · 2026Article
- Spatial metabolomics reveals the effects of Acanthopanax senticosus on region-specific alterations in neurotransmitters and metabolites levels in the brains of α-syn transgenic Parkinson's disease model mice.Metabolic brain disease · 2025Article
- A domain-based framework for cognitive profile identification in Parkinson's disease across diverse samples.Frontiers in neuroanatomy · 2025Article
- Emerging Biomarkers in Metabolomics: Advancements in Precision Health and Disease Diagnosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Identification of metabolites reproducibly associated with Parkinson's Disease via meta-analysis and computational modelling.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2024Article
- Comprehensive blood metabolomics profiling of Parkinson's disease reveals coordinated alterations in xanthine metabolism.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2024Article
- Enhancement of the organic acid content and antioxidant capacity of yellow whey through fermentation with Lacticaseibacillus casei YQ336.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2023Article
- How should we be using biomarkers in trials of disease modification in Parkinson's disease?Brain : a journal of neurology · 2023Article
- Molecular Features of Parkinson's Disease in Patient-Derived Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2022Article
- Neurodegenerative Disorders of Alzheimer, Parkinsonism, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Multiple Sclerosis: An Early Diagnostic Approach for Precision Treatment.Metabolic brain disease · 2022Review
- Current advances in metabolomic studies on non-motor psychiatric manifestations of Parkinson's disease (Review).Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2021Review
- Longitudinal Analysis of Multiple Neurotransmitter Metabolites in Cerebrospinal Fluid in Early Parkinson's Disease.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2021Article
- Emerging targets for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease: examination of systemic biomarkers.Biomarkers in medicine · 2021Review
- Clinical Insights into Mitochondrial Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disorders: Their Biosignatures from Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics.Metabolites · 2021Review
- Alpha-Synuclein as a Biomarker of Parkinson's Disease: Good, but Not Good Enough.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2021Review
- Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Parkinson's Disease: A Critical Overview of the Literature and Meta-Analyses.Brain sciences · 2020Article
- Programmable Nuclease-Based Integration into Novel Extragenic Genomic Safe Harbor Identified from Korean Population-Based CNV Analysis.Molecular therapy oncolytics · 2019Article
- Biomarkers of Parkinson's disease: 20 years later.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2019Review
- Recent advances and perspectives of metabolomics-based investigations in Parkinson's disease.Molecular neurodegeneration · 2019Review
- Diagnostic biomarkers for Parkinson's disease at a glance: where are we?Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Diminished nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurotransmission is a biochemical hallmark of Parkinson's disease. Despite this, a reliable trait biomarker of sporadic Parkinson's disease has not emerged from measurements of cerebrospinal fluid dopamine metabolites. Previous studies have highlighted strong neurochemical relationships between dopamine and various purine compounds. In this study, we analyzed cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of homovanillic acid (the major catabolite of dopamine) and the purine compound xanthine for a comparison of 217 unmedicated Parkinson's disease subjects and 26 healthy controls. These compounds were highly correlated for both the Parkinson's disease subjects (r=0.68) and for controls (r=0.73; both groups, p<0.001). While neither homovanillic acid nor xanthine concentrations differentiated Parkinson's disease from controls, their ratio did. For controls, the mean [xanthine]/[homovanillic acid] quotient was 13.1±5.5 as compared to the Parkinson's disease value of 17.4±6.7 at an initial lumbar CSF collection (p=0.0017), and 19.7±8.7 (p<0.001) at a second CSF collection up to 24 months later. The [xanthine]/[homovanillic acid] ratio in the Parkinson's disease subjects differed as a function of disease severity, as measured by the sum of Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Activities of Daily Living and Motor Exam ratings. The [xanthine]/[homovanillic acid] ratio also increased between the first and second CSF collections, suggesting that this quotient provides both a state and trait biomarker of Parkinson's disease. These observations add to other neurochemical evidence that links purine metabolism to Parkinson's disease.
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