ArticleEpilepsy & behavior : E&B2011
Fetal antiepileptic drug exposure: motor, adaptive, and emotional/behavioral functioning at age 3 years.
Article in Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 88 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex differences in antiseizure medications response in people with epilepsy: a systematic review.Journal of neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Epilepsy and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: An overview of etiology, prevalence, and treatment.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2023Pooled it
- Treatment for epilepsy in pregnancy: neurodevelopmental outcomes in the child.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2014Pooled it
- A Scoping Review of Human Teratogens and Their Impact on the Developing Brain: A Contribution From the ConcePTION Project.Birth defects research · 2025Article
- Article
- How effective is the implementation of the valproate pregnancy prevention programme in Montenegro? - A 7-year national retrospective study.Therapeutic advances in drug safety · 2025Article
- Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a patient with epilepsy: Staring down the challenge of inattention versus nonconvulsive seizures.Epilepsy & behavior reports · 2024Review
- A CCR5 antagonist, maraviroc, alleviates neural circuit dysfunction and behavioral disorders induced by prenatal valproate exposure.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2022Article
- Effectiveness of risk minimisation measures for valproate: A drug utilisation study in Europe.Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety · 2021Article
- Article
- Risk of early neurodevelopmental disorders associated with in utero exposure to valproate and other antiepileptic drugs: a nationwide cohort study in France.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Antiepileptic Drug Treatment Patterns in Women of Childbearing Age With Epilepsy.JAMA neurology · 2019Article
- Observational
- Early Behavioral Alterations and Increased Expression of Endogenous Retroviruses Are Inherited Across Generations in Mice Prenatally Exposed to Valproic Acid.Molecular neurobiology · 2019Article
- Overlap Between Autism Spectrum Disorders and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Searching for Distinctive/Common Clinical Features.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2015Article
- An Update on Maternal Use of Antiepileptic Medications in Pregnancy and Neurodevelopment Outcomes.Journal of pediatric genetics · 2015Review
- Neurodevelopmental effects of fetal antiepileptic drug exposure.Drug safety · 2015Review
- Comments on Motamedi G, Meador K. Epilepsy and cognition. Epilepsy & behavior 2003;4:S25-S28.Epilepsy & behavior : E&B · 2014Article
- Pregnancy and epilepsy.Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.) · 2014Review
- Fetal antiepileptic drug exposure: Adaptive and emotional/behavioral functioning at age 6years.Epilepsy & behavior : E&B · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 10 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The Neurodevelopmental Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs (NEAD) Study is an ongoing prospective observational multicenter study in the United States and United Kingdom that enrolled pregnant women with epilepsy on antiepileptic drug (AED) monotherapy from 1999 to 2004. The study seeks to determine if differential long-term neurodevelopmental effects exist across four commonly used AEDs (carbamazepine, lamotrigine, phenytoin, valproate). In this article, we examine fetal AED exposure effects on motor, adaptive, and emotional/behavioral functioning in 229 children who completed at least one of these tests at 3 years of age. Adjusted mean scores for the four AED groups were in the low average to average range for motor functioning, parental ratings of adaptive functioning, and parental ratings of emotional/behavioral functioning. A significant dose-related performance decline in motor functioning was seen for both valproate and carbamazepine. A significant dose-related performance decline in parental ratings of adaptive functioning was also seen for valproate, with a marginal performance decline evident for carbamazepine. Further, parents endorsed a significant decline in social skills for valproate that was dose related. Finally, on the basis of parent ratings of attention span and hyperactivity, children of mothers who took valproate during their pregnancy appear to be at a significantly greater risk for a future diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Additional research is needed to confirm these findings, examine risks of other AEDs, define the risks in the neonate associated with AEDs for treatment of seizures, and determine the underlying mechanisms of adverse AED effects on the immature brain.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.