Trial reportDrug and alcohol dependence2012
Employment-based reinforcement of adherence to an FDA approved extended release formulation of naltrexone in opioid-dependent adults: a randomized controlled trial.
Trial report in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00684775 (Employment-Based Depot Naltrexone Clinical Trial II), which is not on this map. Cited by 42 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Employment-Based Depot Naltrexone Clinical Trial II
Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- A call to action: Contingency management to improve post-release treatment engagement among people with opioid use disorder who are incarcerated.Preventive medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Extended-release injectable naltrexone for opioid use disorder: a systematic review.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2018Pooled it
- A review of the literature on contingency management in the treatment of substance use disorders, 2009-2014.Preventive medicine · 2016Pooled it
- Pharmacological therapies for maintenance treatments of opium dependence.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2013Pooled it
- The use of incentives to reinforce medication adherence.Preventive medicine · 2012Pooled it
- A Systematic Review on the Use of Psychosocial Interventions in Conjunction With Medications for the Treatment of Opioid Addiction.Journal of addiction medicinePooled it
- Patients' experiences of continued treatment with extended-release naltrexone: a Norwegian qualitative study.Addiction science & clinical practice · 2022Trial
- Effects of lorcaserin on oxycodone self-administration and subjective responses in participants with opioid use disorder.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2020Trial
- The effects of extended-release injectable naltrexone and incentives for opiate abstinence in heroin-dependent adults in a model therapeutic workplace: A randomized trial.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2019Trial
- Accounting for the uncounted: Physical and affective distress in individuals dropping out of oral naltrexone treatment for opioid use disorder.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2018Trial
- Predictors of induction onto extended-release naltrexone among unemployed heroin-dependent adults.Journal of substance abuse treatment · 2018Trial
- Employment-based reinforcement of adherence to oral naltrexone in unemployed injection drug users: 12-month outcomes.Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors · 2015Trial
- The therapeutic workplace to promote treatment engagement and drug abstinence in out-of-treatment injection drug users: a randomized controlled trial.Preventive medicine · 2014Trial
- Does incentivising pill-taking 'crowd out' risk-information processing? Evidence from a web-based experiment.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2014Trial
- Employment-based abstinence reinforcement following inpatient detoxification in HIV-positive opioid and/or cocaine-dependent patients.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2014Trial
- Employment-based abstinence reinforcement promotes opiate and cocaine abstinence in out-of-treatment injection drug users.Journal of applied behavior analysis · 2014Trial
- Effects of acute oral naltrexone on the subjective and physiological effects of oral D-amphetamine and smoked cocaine in cocaine abusers.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2013Trial
- Employment-based reinforcement of adherence to oral naltrexone treatment in unemployed injection drug users.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2013Trial
- Treating Opioid Dependence With Injectable Extended-Release Naltrexone (XR-NTX): Who Will Respond?Journal of addiction medicineTrial
- Recovery support services as part of the continuum of care for alcohol or drug use disorders.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundNaltrexone provides excellent opioid blockade, but its clinical utility is limited because opioid-dependent patients typically refuse it. An injectable suspension of naltrexone for extended release (XR-NTX) was recently approved by the FDA for treatment of opioid dependence. XR-NTX treatment may require concurrent behavioral intervention to maximize adherence and effectiveness, thus we sought to evaluate employment-based reinforcement as a method of improving adherence to XR-NTX in opiate dependent adults.
methodsOpioid-dependent adults (n=38) were detoxified and inducted onto oral naltrexone, then randomly assigned to contingency or prescription conditions. Participants received up to six doses of XR-NTX at four-week intervals. All participants could earn vouchers for attendance and performance at a therapeutic workplace. Contingency participants were required to accept XR-NTX injections to access the workplace and earn vouchers. Prescription participants could earn vouchers independent of their acceptance of XR-NTX injections.
resultsContingency participants accepted significantly more naltrexone injections than prescription participants (87% versus 52%, p=.002), and were more likely to accept all injections (74% versus 26%, p=.004). Participants in the two conditions provided similar percentages of samples negative for opiates (72% versus 65%) and for cocaine (58% versus 54%). Opiate positivity was significantly more likely when samples were also cocaine positive, independent of naltrexone blockade (p=.002).
conclusionsLong-term adherence to XR-NTX in unemployed opiate dependent adults is low under usual care conditions. Employment-based reinforcement can maintain adherence to XR-NTX. Ongoing cocaine use appears to interfere with the clinical effectiveness of XR-NTX on opiate use.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.