Trial reportPloS one2011
Protective immunity induced with the RTS,S/AS vaccine is associated with IL-2 and TNF-α producing effector and central memory CD4 T cells.
Trial report in PloS one, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 86 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antibody fine specificity correlates with protection from malaria for the RTS,S vaccine in young African children: A post hoc analysis of a phase IIb randomised controlled trial.PLoS medicine · 2026Trial
- Characterization of T cell responses to co-administered hookworm vaccine candidates Na-GST-1 and Na-APR-1 in healthy adults in Gabon.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Trial
- Distinct Helper T Cell Type 1 and 2 Responses Associated With Malaria Protection and Risk in RTS,S/AS01E Vaccinees.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2017Trial
- Effective Antimalarial Chemoprevention in Childhood Enhances the Quality of CD4+ T Cells and Limits Their Production of Immunoregulatory Interleukin 10.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2016Trial
- Ad35.CS.01-RTS,S/AS01 Heterologous Prime Boost Vaccine Efficacy against Sporozoite Challenge in Healthy Malaria-Naïve Adults.PloS one · 2015Trial
- Evaluation of the immune response to RTS,S/AS01 and RTS,S/AS02 adjuvanted vaccines: randomized, double-blind study in malaria-naïve adults.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2014Trial
- Trial
- Antigen-specific IL-2 secretion correlates with NK cell responses after immunization of Tanzanian children with the RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2012Trial
- Different clinical forms of Plasmodium vivax infection result in unique T cell epitope-specific immune responses.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Article
- A TLR7 Agonist Conjugated to a Nanofibrous Peptide Hydrogel as a Potent Vaccine Adjuvant.Advanced healthcare materials · 2025Article
- Effect of RTS,S/AS01NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- Vaccine Responses in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis: From the Immune System to the Gut Microbiota.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Revealing the significance of IL-2 and IL-5 in SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses in kidney transplant recipients.Npj viruses · 2024Article
- Cellular and antibody response in GMZ2-vaccinated Gabonese volunteers in a controlled human malaria infection trial.Malaria journal · 2022Article
- Elimination of receptor binding by influenza hemagglutinin improves vaccine-induced immunity.NPJ vaccines · 2022Article
- In-depth analysis of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells reveals diverse differentiation hierarchies in vaccinated individuals.JCI insight · 2022Article
- Strategic Variants of CSP Delivered as SynDNA Vaccines Demonstrate Heterogeneity of Immunogenicity and Protection fromInfection and immunity · 2021Article
- Comparison of Lethal and Nonlethal Mouse Models ofTropical medicine and infectious disease · 2021Article
- GPA33 is expressed on multiple human blood cell types and distinguishes CD4European journal of immunology · 2021Article
- Ultra-low dose immunization and multi-component vaccination strategies enhance protection against malaria in mice.Scientific reports · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A phase 2a RTS,S/AS malaria vaccine trial, conducted previously at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, conferred sterile immunity against a primary challenge with infectious sporozoites in 40% of the 80 subjects enrolled in the study. The frequency of Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP)-specific CD4(+) T cells was significantly higher in protected subjects as compared to non-protected subjects. Intrigued by these unique vaccine-related correlates of protection, in the present study we asked whether RTS,S also induced effector/effector memory (T(E/EM)) and/or central memory (T(CM)) CD4(+) T cells and whether one or both of these sub-populations is the primary source of cytokine production. We showed for the first time that PBMC from malaria-non-exposed RTS,S-immunized subjects contain both T(E/EM) and T(CM) cells that generate strong IL-2 responses following re-stimulation in vitro with CSP peptides. Moreover, both the frequencies and the total numbers of IL-2-producing CD4(+) T(E/EM) cells and of CD4(+) T(CM) cells from protected subjects were significantly higher than those from non-protected subjects. We also demonstrated for the first time that there is a strong association between the frequency of CSP peptide-reactive CD4(+) T cells producing IL-2 and the titers of CSP-specific antibodies in the same individual, suggesting that IL-2 may be acting as a growth factor for follicular Th cells and/or B cells. The frequencies of CSP peptide-reactive, TNF-α-producing CD4(+) T(E/EM) cells and of CD4(+) T(E/EM) cells secreting both IL-2 and TNF-α were also shown to be higher in protected vs. non-protected individuals. We have, therefore, demonstrated that in addition to TNF-α, IL-2 is also a significant contributing factor to RTS,S/AS vaccine induced immunity and that both T(E/EM) and T(CM) cells are major producers of IL-2.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.