ArticleScience (New York, N.Y.)2011
Tet proteins can convert 5-methylcytosine to 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine.
Article in Science (New York, N.Y.), 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1,870 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1,870 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 3,368 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Epigenetic regulation of humoral immunity: molecular mechanisms, diseases and therapeutic targets.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Genomic sequence context differentially impacts stepwise oxidation by TET enzymes to shape DNA hydroxymethylation landscapes.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
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- Exploring the Role of DNA Methylation in the Epigenetic Landscape of Cancer.Biochemical genetics · 2026Review
- Early life experiences, the neural epigenome and affective disorder risk.Nature reviews. Neuroscience · 2026Review
- Exposure to Dim Light at Night Impairs Photoperiodic and Metabolic Gene Expression in Syrian Hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus).Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology · 2026Article
- Dexamethasone Modulates Global DNA Methylation and Oxidative DNA Damage in Glioblastoma Cell Lines.Cells · 2026Article
- Identification of elements determiningiScience · 2026Article
- Gene regulatory mechanisms downstream of DNA methylation.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2026Review
- DREAMS illuminates spatial DNA and RNA modification landscapes.Nature cell biology · 2026Article
- A theoretical and experimental framework enables low-coverage sequencing for accurate quantification of genome-wide cytosine modification levels.NAR genomics and bioinformatics · 2026Article
- Epigenetics in development, disease, and therapy: from mechanisms to clinical interventions.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Review
- Contribution of One-Electron Oxidation of Purine and Pyrimidine Bases to the Photo- and Radiation-Induced Damage to Cellular DNA.Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry · 2026Review
- Robust excision of different purine lesions by homologs thymine DNA glycosylase and mismatch-specific uracil DNA-glycosylase.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2026Article
- DNA Methylation as a Programmable Information Layer: From Molecular Marks to Disease State Engineering.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- TET1 noncatalytic activity shapes the chromatin landscape associated with de novo methylation establishment in the male germline.Genes & development · 2026Article
- Regulatory function of ten‑eleven translocation‑2 in transcriptional mechanisms of demethylated myeloma cells.Molecular medicine reports · 2026Article
1,810 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
5-methylcytosine (5mC) in DNA plays an important role in gene expression, genomic imprinting, and suppression of transposable elements. 5mC can be converted to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) by the Tet (ten eleven translocation) proteins. Here, we show that, in addition to 5hmC, the Tet proteins can generate 5-formylcytosine (5fC) and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC) from 5mC in an enzymatic activity-dependent manner. Furthermore, we reveal the presence of 5fC and 5caC in genomic DNA of mouse embryonic stem cells and mouse organs. The genomic content of 5hmC, 5fC, and 5caC can be increased or reduced through overexpression or depletion of Tet proteins. Thus, we identify two previously unknown cytosine derivatives in genomic DNA as the products of Tet proteins. Our study raises the possibility that DNA demethylation may occur through Tet-catalyzed oxidation followed by decarboxylation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.