Trial reportNutrition and cancer2011
The effect of calcium plus vitamin D on risk for invasive cancer: results of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) calcium plus vitamin D randomized clinical trial.
Trial report in Nutrition and cancer, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02603757 (Prospective Pilot Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Vitamin D Supplementation for Patients Requiring Chemotherapy for Stage III Colorectal Cancer), which is not on this map. Cited by 42 papers, 10 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Prospective Pilot Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Vitamin D Supplementation for Patients Requiring Chemotherapy for Stage III Colorectal Cancer
Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 10 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 80 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Evaluating agreement between individual nutrition randomised controlled trials and cohort studies - a meta-epidemiological study.BMC medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review of Mendelian Randomization Studies.Nutrients · 2023Pooled it
- An umbrella review of the evidence associating diet and cancer risk at 11 anatomical sites.Nature communications · 2021Pooled it
- Association between vitamin D/calcium intake and 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of ovarian cancer: a dose-response relationship meta-analysis.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2021Pooled it
- Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- The association between circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D and cardiovascular diseases: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2019Pooled it
- Dietary Supplements and Risk of Cause-Specific Death, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Primary Prevention Trials.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2017Pooled it
- Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of cancer in adults.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2014Pooled it
- Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of mortality in adults.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2014Pooled it
- Randomized trial of influence of vitamin D on the prevention and improvement of symptomatic COVID-19.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Risk of keratinocyte carcinomas with vitamin D and calcium supplementation: a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2020Trial
- Principal results of the VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL) and updated meta-analyses of relevant vitamin D trials.The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology · 2020Trial
- Monthly High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation and Cancer Risk: A Post Hoc Analysis of the Vitamin D Assessment Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA oncology · 2018Trial
- Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and health outcomes five years after active intervention ended: the Women's Health Initiative.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2013Trial
- Vitamin D intake and lung cancer risk in the Women's Health Initiative.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2013Trial
- Health risks and benefits from calcium and vitamin D supplementation: Women's Health Initiative clinical trial and cohort study.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2013Trial
- Review
- Vitamin D Supplementation and Cancer Mortality: Narrative Review of Observational Studies and Clinical Trials.Nutrients · 2021Review
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors at 13 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
In the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) trial of calcium plus vitamin D (CaD), we examined the treatment effect on incidence and mortality for all invasive cancers. Postmenopausal women (N = 36,282) were randomized to 1,000 mg of elemental calcium with 400 IU vitamin D3 or placebo. Cox models estimated risk of cancer incidence and mortality. After 7.0 yr, 1,306 invasive cancers were diagnosed in the supplement and 1,333 in the placebo group [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.98; CI = 0.90, 1.05, unweighted P = 0.54]. Mortality did not differ between supplement (315, annualized% = .26) and placebo [(347, 0.28%; P = 0.17; HR = 0.90 (0.77, 1.05)]. Significant treatment interactions on incident cancer were found for family history of cancer, personal total intake of vitamin D, smoking, and WHI dietary trial randomized group. Calcium/vitamin D supplementation did not reduce invasive cancer incidence or mortality. Supplementation lowered cancer risk in the WHI healthy diet trial arm and in women without a first-degree relative with cancer. The interactions are only suggestive given multiple testing considerations. The low vitamin D dose provided, limited adherence, and lack of serum 25(OH)D values should be considered when interpreting these findings.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.