Trial reportMolecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy2011
A mechanistic proof-of-concept clinical trial with JX-594, a targeted multi-mechanistic oncolytic poxvirus, in patients with metastatic melanoma.
Trial report in Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 91 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
91 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 158 citations in OpenAlex.
- The efficacy and safety assessment of oncolytic virotherapies in the treatment of advanced melanoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Virology journal · 2023Pooled it
- Clinical Application of Oncolytic Viruses: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Pooled it
- Systematic review of the use of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with advanced melanoma.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2016Pooled it
- Intratumoral injection of hemagglutinating virus of Japan-envelope vector yielded an antitumor effect for advanced melanoma: a phase I/IIa clinical study.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2020Trial
- Randomized dose-finding clinical trial of oncolytic immunotherapeutic vaccinia JX-594 in liver cancer.Nature medicine · 2013Trial
- The role and mechanism of neutrophils in oncolytic virus therapy.Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2026Review
- Talimogene Laherparepvec (T-VEC): Expanding Horizons in Oncolytic Viral Therapy Across Multiple Cancer Types.Anti-cancer agents in medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
- Mechanisms of Oncolytic Virus-Induced Multi-Modal Cell Death and Therapeutic Prospects.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Extracellular vesicles as missiles for enhanced anti-tumor efficacy of oncolytic viruses: from disseminating oncolysis and anti-tumor immunity to targeted delivery.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2025Review
- Investigating the potential of oncolytic viruses in the treatment of melanoma: where do we go from here?Skin health and disease · 2025Review
- Virus nanotechnology for intratumoural immunotherapy.Nature reviews bioengineering · 2024Article
- Dose Considerations for Vaccinia Oncolytic Virus Based on Retrospective Reanalysis of Early and Late Clinical Trials.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Exploring treatment options in cancer: Tumor treatment strategies.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Review
- The Recombinant Oncolytic Virus VV-GMCSF-Lact and Chemotherapy Drugs against Human Glioma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Effects of intratumoral microbiota on tumorigenesis, anti-tumor immunity, and microbe-based cancer therapy.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Review
- Tumor Vaccines: Unleashing the Power of the Immune System to Fight Cancer.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Preclinical and clinical trials of oncolytic vaccinia virus in cancer immunotherapy: a comprehensive review.Cancer biology & medicine · 2023Review
- Vaccinating against cancer: getting to prime time.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2023Review
- Oncolytic Efficacy of a Recombinant Vaccinia Virus Strain Expressing Bacterial Flagellin in Solid Tumor Models.Viruses · 2023Article
- Development and application of oncolytic viruses as the nemesis of tumor cells.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Review
31 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
JX-594 is a targeted and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-expressing oncolytic poxvirus designed to selectively replicate in and destroy cancer cells through viral oncolysis and tumor-specific immunity. In order to study the mechanisms-of-action (MOA) of JX-594 in humans, a mechanistic proof-of-concept clinical trial was performed at a low dose equivalent to ≤10% of the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) in other clinical trials. Ten patients with previously treated stage IV melanoma were enrolled. Tumors were injected weekly for up to nine total treatments. Blood samples and tumor biopsies were analyzed for evidence of transgene activity, virus replication, and immune stimulation. The β-galactosidase (β-gal) transgene was expressed in all patients as evidenced by antibody induction. Six patients had significant induction of GM-CSF-responsive white blood cell (WBC) subsets such as neutrophils (25-300% increase). JX-594 replication and subsequent shedding into blood was detectable in five patients after cycles 1-9. Tumor biopsies demonstrated JX-594 replication, perivascular lymphocytic infiltration, and diffuse tumor necrosis. Mild flu-like symptoms were the most common adverse events. In sum, JX-594 replication, oncolysis, and expression of both transgenes were demonstrated; replication was still evident after multiple cycles. These findings have implications for further clinical development of JX-594 and other transgene-armed oncolytic viruses.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.