ArticleToxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology2011
Atrazine and breast cancer: a framework assessment of the toxicological and epidemiological evidence.
Article in Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 70 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Navigation Guide - evidence-based medicine meets environmental health: integration of animal and human evidence for PFOA effects on fetal growth.Environmental health perspectives · 2014Pooled it
- Effects of atrazine on the HPG and HPA axes and steroidogenic pathways in females: relevance to reproductive function and breast, ovarian and uterine cancer.Frontiers in toxicology · 2025Review
- Characterizing chlorotriazine effects in cancer-relevant high-throughput screening assays.Frontiers in toxicology · 2025Article
- Curcumin as an antidote to atrazine on estrogen homeostasis and beyond: mechanistic insights from a targeted literature review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Review
- Enzyme-based sensor for the real-time detection of atrazine: Evidence from electrochemical and docking studies.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Occurrence and Removal of Triazine Herbicides during Wastewater Treatment Processes and Their Environmental Impact on Aquatic Life.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Atrazine Inhalation Causes Neuroinflammation, Apoptosis and Accelerating Brain Aging.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Why We Will Continue to Lose Our Battle with Cancers If We Do Not Stop Their Triggers from Environmental Pollution.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Review
- Chloro-s-triazines-toxicokinetic, Toxicodynamic, Human Exposure, and Regulatory Considerations.Current drug metabolism · 2021Review
- Herbicide, fumigant, and fungicide use and breast cancer risk among farmers' wives.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2020Article
- PBPK-Based Probabilistic Risk Assessment for Total Chlorotriazines in Drinking Water.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2016Article
- Atrazine Exposure and Reproductive Dysfunction through the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) Axis.Toxics · 2015Article
- Effect of Age, Duration of Exposure, and Dose of Atrazine on Sexual Maturation and the Luteinizing Hormone Surge in the Female Sprague-Dawley Rat.Birth defects research. Part B, Developmental and reproductive toxicology · 2015Article
- The effect of atrazine administered by gavage or in diet on the LH surge and reproductive performance in intact female Sprague-Dawley and Long Evans rats.Birth defects research. Part B, Developmental and reproductive toxicology · 2014Article
- Multigeneration reproduction and male developmental toxicity studies on atrazine in rats.Birth defects research. Part B, Developmental and reproductive toxicology · 2014Article
- Effect of Nrf2 on rat ovarian tissues against atrazine-induced anti-oxidative response.International journal of clinical and experimental pathology · 2014Article
- Impaired mitochondrial metabolism and mammary carcinogenesis.Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia · 2013Review
- Atrazine and nitrate in public drinking water supplies and non-hodgkin lymphoma in nebraska, USA.Environmental health insights · 2013Article
- Toxicology and epidemiology: improving the science with a framework for combining toxicological and epidemiological evidence to establish causal inference.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2011Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
11 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The causal relationship between atrazine exposure and the occurrence of breast cancer in women was evaluated using the framework developed by Adami et al. (2011) wherein biological plausibility and epidemiological evidence were combined to conclude that a causal relationship between atrazine exposure and breast cancer is "unlikely". Carcinogenicity studies in female Sprague-Dawley (SD) but not Fischer-344 rats indicate that high doses of atrazine caused a decreased latency and an increased incidence of combined adenocarcinoma and fibroadenoma mammary tumors. There were no effects of atrazine on any other tumor type in male or female SD or Fischer-344 rats or in three strains of mice. Seven key events that precede tumor expression in female SD rats were identified. Atrazine induces mammary tumors in aging female SD rats by suppressing the luteinizing hormone surge, thereby supporting a state of persistent estrus and prolonged exposure to endogenous estrogen and prolactin. This endocrine mode of action has low biological plausibility for women because women who undergo reproductive senescence have low rather than elevated levels of estrogen and prolactin. Four alternative modes of action (genotoxicity, estrogenicity, upregulation of aromatase gene expression or delayed mammary gland development) were considered and none could account for the tumor response in SD rats. Epidemiological studies provide no support for a causal relationship between atrazine exposure and breast cancer. This conclusion is consistent with International Agency for Research on Cancer's classification of atrazine as "unclassifiable as to carcinogenicity" and the United States Environmental Protection Agency's classification of atrazine as "not likely to be carcinogenic."
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.