ArticleBiochimica et biophysica acta2011
Subcellular localization and regulation of StarD4 protein in macrophages and fibroblasts.
Article in Biochimica et biophysica acta, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Several Common Genetic Variations Associate With Functional or Anatomic Effects of Anti-VEGF Treatment in Conditions With Macular Edema.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Pooled it
- Stay in touch with the endoplasmic reticulum.Science China. Life sciences · 2024Pooled it
- STARD4 suppresses tumorigenesis and attenuates enzalutamide resistance via lipid metabolic reprogramming and AR stabilization in prostate cancer.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2025Article
- Targeting STARD4/EGFR axis inhibits growth and overcomes lenvatinib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma.Genes & diseases · 2025Article
- Thirty years of StAR gazing. Expanding the universe of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein.The Journal of endocrinology · 2025Review
- Differential regulation of STARD1, STARD4 and STARD6 in the human ovary.The Journal of endocrinology · 2024Article
- SREBF2-STARD4 axis confers sorafenib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating mitochondrial cholesterol homeostasis.Cancer science · 2023Article
- Allosterically coupled conformational dynamics in solution prepare the sterol transfer protein StarD4 to release its cargo upon interaction with target membranes.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2023Article
- Identification of Common Hub Genes in Human Dermal Fibroblasts Stimulated by Mechanical Stretch at Both the Early and Late Stages.Frontiers in surgery · 2022Article
- Effect of Dietary Sodium Modulation on Pig Adrenal Steroidogenesis and Transcriptome Profiles.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2020Article
- STARD4 promotes breast cancer cell malignancy.Oncology reports · 2020Article
- Stable reduction of STARD4 alters cholesterol regulation and lipid homeostasis.Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular and cell biology of lipids · 2020Article
- StarD5: an ER stress protein regulates plasma membrane and intracellular cholesterol homeostasis.Journal of lipid research · 2019Article
- Expression Profile of Genes Regulating Steroid Biosynthesis and Metabolism in Human Ovarian Granulosa Cells-A Primary Culture Approach.International journal of molecular sciences · 2017Article
- Membrane dynamics and organelle biogenesis-lipid pipelines and vesicular carriers.BMC biology · 2017Article
- Role of STARD4 in sterol transport between the endocytic recycling compartment and the plasma membrane.Molecular biology of the cell · 2017Article
- STARD4 Membrane Interactions and Sterol Binding.Biochemistry · 2015Article
- Identification of gene co-expression clusters in liver tissues from multiple porcine populations with high and low backfat androstenone phenotype.BMC genetics · 2015Article
- The StarD4 subfamily of steroidogenic acute regulatory-related lipid transfer (START) domain proteins: new players in cholesterol metabolism.The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology · 2014Review
- Insights into the mechanisms of sterol transport between organelles.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2013Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
StarD4 is a member of the StarD4 subfamily of START domain proteins with a characteristic lipid binding pocket specific for cholesterol. The objective of this study was to define StarD4 subcellular localization, regulation, and function. Immunobloting showed that StarD4 is highly expressed in the mouse fibroblast cell line 3T3-L1, in human THP-1 macrophages, Kupffer cells (liver macrophages), and hepatocytes. In 3T3-L1 cells and THP-1 macrophages, StarD4 protein appeared localized to the cytoplasm and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). More specifically, in THP-1 macrophages StarD4 co-localized to areas of the ER enriched in Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase-1 (ACAT-1), and was closely associated with budding lipid droplets. The addition of purified StarD4 recombinant protein to an in vitro assay increased ACAT activity 2-fold, indicating that StarD4 serves as a rate-limiting step in cholesteryl ester formation by delivering cholesterol to ACAT-1-enriched ER. In addition, StarD4 protein was found to be highly regulated and to redistribute in response to sterol levels. In summary, these observations, together with our previous findings demonstrating the ability of increased StarD4 expression to increase bile acid synthesis and cholesteryl ester formation, provide strong evidence for StarD4 as a highly regulated, non-vesicular, directional, intracellular transporter of cholesterol which plays a key role in the maintenance of intracellular cholesterol homeostasis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.