ReviewChemical research in toxicology2011
Chromium in drinking water: sources, metabolism, and cancer risks.
Review in Chemical research in toxicology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 194 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
194 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,083 citations in OpenAlex.
- Health risks of arsenic and chromium in groundwater and surface water in India: A systematic review.The Indian journal of medical research · 2026Pooled it
- Systematic bibliographic analysis of heavy metal remediation.Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research · 2025Pooled it
- Human Health Effects of Oral Exposure to Chromium: A Systematic Review of the Epidemiological Evidence.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Pooled it
- Chromium as a Risk Factor for Breast Cancer: A Meta-Analysis.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2022Pooled it
- Relationships Between Biological Heavy Metals and Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Pooled it
- Sulfur-Doped SnOACS omega · 2026Article
- Waste-Derived Fine-Milled Bone Char for Apparent Cr (VI) Removal From Water and Preliminary Asphalt-Compatible Processing of the Recovered Residue.Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation · 2026Article
- Adsorption-synergized reduction of Cr(vi) using Gypsum@PANI composite: unraveling mechanism and advanced statistical physics prediction.RSC advances · 2026Article
- Groundwater compliant with drinking water standards poses a "silent risk" of cumulative health hazards.Environmental geochemistry and health · 2026Article
- Reassessing the Significance of Chromium-DNA Adducts in Chromate Carcinogenicity.Biological trace element research · 2026Review
- Visible-light-driven photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) over EDTA-TiOScientific reports · 2026Article
- Elemental Profiling and Health Risk Assessment of Aromatic Oils Used for Oral and Topical Applications.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
- Lung Cancer Screening and Prevention: Beyond Conventional Strategies in a Rapidly Changing Global Milieu.American Society of Clinical Oncology educational book. American Society of Clinical Oncology. Annual Meeting · 2026Review
- Extractable Cr(VI) Hotspots in the Defor Petrila Tailings Dump, Romania: A Redox-Based Hazard Screening Approach.Toxics · 2026Article
- Energy extraction from dark FeLight, science & applications · 2026Article
- Identification of Nuclearity of Chromium Binary Adducts with DNA by Negative Ion Mass Spectrometry: Short Communication.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
- Impact of extraction methods on Monte Carlo based dietary health risk assessment of potentially harmful elements in edible plants.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Effects of Exposure to Chromium During Pregnancy on Fetal Growth and a Possible Sex-Dependent Response: Results of Cross-sectional Study.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
- Metal carcinogens and cancer: integrating genetic and epigenetic perspectives.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Advected carbon younger than the sediment fuels microbial metabolism in a pumped deep aquifer.Communications earth & environment · 2026Article
134 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Drinking water supplies in many geographic areas contain chromium in the +3 and +6 oxidation states. Public health concerns are centered on the presence of hexavalent Cr that is classified as a known human carcinogen via inhalation. Cr(VI) has high environmental mobility and can originate from anthropogenic and natural sources. Acidic environments with high organic content promote the reduction of Cr(VI) to nontoxic Cr(III). The opposite process of Cr(VI) formation from Cr(III) also occurs, particularly in the presence of common minerals containing Mn(IV) oxides. Limited epidemiological evidence for Cr(VI) ingestion is suggestive of elevated risks for stomach cancers. Exposure of animals to Cr(VI) in drinking water induced tumors in the alimentary tract, with linear and supralinear responses in the mouse small intestine. Chromate, the predominant form of Cr(VI) at neutral pH, is taken up by all cells through sulfate channels and is activated nonenzymatically by ubiquitously present ascorbate and small thiols. The most abundant form of DNA damage induced by Cr(VI) is Cr-DNA adducts, which cause mutations and chromosomal breaks. Emerging evidence points to two-way interactions between DNA damage and epigenetic changes that collectively determine the spectrum of genomic rearrangements and profiles of gene expression in tumors. Extensive formation of DNA adducts, clear positivity in genotoxicity assays with high predictive values for carcinogenicity, the shape of tumor-dose responses in mice, and a biological signature of mutagenic carcinogens (multispecies, multisite, and trans-sex tumorigenic potency) strongly support the importance of the DNA-reactive mutagenic mechanisms in carcinogenic effects of Cr(VI). Bioavailability results and kinetic considerations suggest that 10-20% of ingested low-dose Cr(VI) escapes human gastric inactivation. The directly mutagenic mode of action and the incompleteness of gastric detoxification argue against a threshold in low-dose extrapolation of cancer risk for ingested Cr(VI).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.