ArticleThe Journal of biological chemistry2011
Immunity-related GTPase M (IRGM) proteins influence the localization of guanylate-binding protein 2 (GBP2) by modulating macroautophagy.
Article in The Journal of biological chemistry, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 58 papers.
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Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 81 citations in OpenAlex.
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- ZFP36 Protects against Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Formation by Regulating Vascular Smooth Muscle Phenotypic Switch.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Article
- HnRNPA2B1 tunes antimycobacterial immune responses in macrophages through alternative splicing ofbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- FGF21 Blunts Cardiac Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Promoting Autophagic Flux Via Stat1/Irgm1 Pathway.Journal of cardiovascular translational research · 2025Article
- CD47 peptide-cloaked lipid nanoparticles promote cell-specific mRNA delivery.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Article
- Functional interplay between non-canonical inflammasomes and autophagy in inflammatory responses and diseases.The Korean journal of physiology & pharmacology : official journal of the Korean Physiological Society and the Korean Society of Pharmacology · 2025Review
- Autophagy and Bacterial infections.Autophagy reports · 2025Review
- Type I interferon signaling and peroxisomal dysfunction contribute to enhanced inflammatory cytokine production in IRGM1-deficient macrophages.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2024Article
- Restriction and evasion: a review of IFNγ-mediated cell-autonomous defense pathways during genital Chlamydia infection.Pathogens and disease · 2024Review
- Overview of Apoptosis, Autophagy, and Inflammatory Processes inPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Steroid treatment suppresses the CD4Scientific reports · 2022Article
- How did we get here? Insights into mechanisms of immunity-related GTPase targeting to intracellular pathogens.Current opinion in microbiology · 2022Review
- Immunity-related GTPase IRGM at the intersection of autophagy, inflammation, and tumorigenesis.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2022Review
- Interactions of Autophagy and the Immune System in Health and Diseases.Autophagy reports · 2022Article
- 6-Gingerol attenuates subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced early brain injury via GBP2/PI3K/AKT pathway in the rat model.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Article
- Murine Irgm Paralogs Regulate Nonredundant Functions To Execute Host Defense to Toxoplasma gondii.Infection and immunity · 2021Article
- IRGM1 links mitochondrial quality control to autoimmunity.Nature immunology · 2021Article
- Dynamin-related Irgm proteins modulate LPS-induced caspase-11 activation and septic shock.EMBO reports · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
10 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The immunity-related GTPases (IRGs) are a family of proteins induced by interferon-γ that play a crucial role in innate resistance to intracellular pathogens. The M subfamily of IRG proteins (IRGM) plays a profound role in this context, in part because of the ability of its members to regulate the localization and expression of other IRG proteins. We present here evidence that IRGM proteins affect the localization of the guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs), a second family of interferon-induced GTP-binding proteins that also function in innate immunity. Absence of Irgm1 or Irgm3 led to accumulation of Gbp2 in intracellular compartments that were positive for both the macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) marker LC3 and the autophagic adapter molecule p62/Sqstm1. Gbp2 was similarly relocalized in cells in which autophagy was impaired because of the absence of Atg5. Both in Atg5- and IRGM-deficient cells, the IRG protein Irga6 relocalized to the same compartments as Gbp2, raising the possibility of a common regulatory mechanism. However, other data indicated that Irga6, but not Gbp2, was ubiquitinated in IRGM-deficient cells. Similarly, coimmunoprecipitation studies indicated that although Irgm3 did interact directly with Irgb6, it did not interact with Gbp2. Collectively, these data suggest that IRGM proteins indirectly modulate the localization of GBPs through a distinct mechanism from that through which they regulate IRG protein localization. Further, these results suggest that a core function of IRGM proteins is to regulate autophagic flux, which influences the localization of GBPs and possibly other factors that instruct cell-autonomous immune resistance.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.