ReviewThe Journal of experimental biology2011
Animal escapology I: theoretical issues and emerging trends in escape trajectories.
Review in The Journal of experimental biology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 62 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
62 citing papers in PubMed.
- Early-life cortisol exposure modulates habituation to human disturbance in fallow deer fawns.Biology letters · 2026Article
- Evolution of sideways locomotion in crabs.eLife · 2026Article
- Backward scrunching: planarians escape from noxious stimuli, cannibalism, and predation.Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology · 2026Article
- A model to quantify the probability of collision between birds and aircraft: Applications for onboard lighting.Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America · 2026Article
- A brain-wide, trial- and time-dependent deterministic drive synergizes with within-trial noise to time self-initiated actions.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Fish adapt and dynamically avoid an approaching robotic fish across repeated exposures.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Nash equilibrium of attack and defense behaviors between predators and prey.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- Light tuned to the avian eye elicits early detection and escape from an approaching aircraft.Royal Society open science · 2025Article
- Six-legged-bound: a newly described insect gait.Royal Society open science · 2025Article
- Article
- State-behaviour feedbacks between boldness and food intake shape escape responses in fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus).Communications biology · 2025Article
- Switching escape strategies in the parasitic ant cricket Myrmecophilus tetramorii.Communications biology · 2024Article
- Collective anti-predator escape manoeuvres through optimal attack and avoidance strategies.Communications biology · 2024Article
- Tonically active GABAergic neurons in the dorsal periaqueductal gray control instinctive escape in mice.Current biology : CB · 2024Article
- Neuromuscular basis ofProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Sex- and state-dependent covariation of risk-averse and escape behavior in a widespread lizard.Ecology and evolution · 2023Article
- Motor state changes escape behavior of crickets.iScience · 2023Article
- Strategic predatory pursuit of the stealthy, highly manoeuvrable, slow flying batProceedings. Biological sciences · 2023Article
- Article
- Persistence of auditory modulation of wind-induced escape behavior in crickets.Frontiers in physiology · 2023Article
2 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Escape responses are used by many animal species as their main defence against predator attacks. Escape success is determined by a number of variables; important are the directionality (the percentage of responses directed away from the threat) and the escape trajectories (ETs) measured relative to the threat. Although logic would suggest that animals should always turn away from a predator, work on various species shows that these away responses occur only approximately 50-90% of the time. A small proportion of towards responses may introduce some unpredictability and may be an adaptive feature of the escape system. Similar issues apply to ETs. Theoretically, an optimal ET can be modelled on the geometry of predator-prey encounters. However, unpredictability (and hence high variability) in trajectories may be necessary for preventing predators from learning a simple escape pattern. This review discusses the emerging trends in escape trajectories, as well as the modulating key factors, such as the surroundings and body design. The main ET patterns identified are: (1) high ET variability within a limited angular sector (mainly 90-180 deg away from the threat; this variability is in some cases based on multiple peaks of ETs), (2) ETs that allow sensory tracking of the threat and (3) ETs towards a shelter. These characteristic features are observed across various taxa and, therefore, their expression may be mainly related to taxon-independent animal design features and to the environmental context in which prey live - for example whether the immediate surroundings of the prey provide potential refuges.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.