ArticleFrontiers in neuroscience2011
α-Synuclein Alters Toll-Like Receptor Expression.
Article in Frontiers in neuroscience, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 110 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
110 citing papers in PubMed, 211 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trans-Vitisin B Targets Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Tau Pathology to Improve Behavioral Outcomes in a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Alpha-synuclein at the crossroads of host-virus interactions: immunological roles beyond the nervous system.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- Microglia-derived extracellular vesicles attenuate acute a-synuclein induced astrocyte inflammation.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress in Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer's Disease, and COVID-19: Microglia-Neutrophil Interaction.ACS omega · 2026Review
- Farnesol, a Dietary Sesquiterpene, Attenuates Rotenone-Induced Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis via Mediation of Cell Signaling Pathways in Rats.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- The impact of high-sugar diets on central nervous system disorders: mechanisms, pathogenesis, and dietary implication.Annals of medicine · 2025Review
- G protein-coupled Estrogen Receptor Activation Exerts Protective Effects via Modulating Brain and Gut NLRP3 Inflammasome in Parkinson's Disease.Experimental neurobiology · 2025Article
- Exosomal non-coding RNAs: gatekeepers of inflammation in autoimmune disease.Journal of inflammation (London, England) · 2025Review
- Unraveling the Ties: Type 2 Diabetes and Parkinson's Disease - A Nano-Based Targeted Drug Delivery Approach.Current diabetes reviews · 2025Review
- Current aspects of targeting cellular senescence for the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2025Review
- Astrocytes contribute to toll-like receptor 2-mediated neurodegeneration and alpha-synuclein pathology in a human midbrain Parkinson's model.Translational neurodegeneration · 2024Article
- Sentinels of neuroinflammation: the crucial role of myeloid cells in the pathogenesis of gliomas and neurodegenerative diseases.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Review
- GSP1-111 Modulates the Microglial M1/M2 Phenotype by Inhibition of Toll-like Receptor 2: A Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Depression.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Challenges and Future Perspectives in Modeling Neurodegenerative Diseases Using Organ-on-a-Chip Technology.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Review
- Single cell analysis reveals the roles and regulatory mechanisms of type-I interferons in Parkinson's disease.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2024Article
- Infections in the Etiology of Parkinson's Disease and Synucleinopathies: A Renewed Perspective, Mechanistic Insights, and Therapeutic Implications.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2024Review
- Phytocannabinoids as Potential Multitargeting Neuroprotectants in Alzheimer's Disease.Current drug research reviews · 2024Review
- Non-invasive systemic viral delivery of human alpha-synuclein mimics selective and progressive neuropathology of Parkinson's disease in rodent brains.Molecular neurodegeneration · 2023Article
- Article
- Review
50 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Parkinson's disease, an age-related neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by the loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra, the accumulation of α-synuclein in Lewy bodies and neurites, and neuroinflammation. While the exact etiology of sporadic Parkinson's disease remains elusive, a growing body of evidence suggests that misfolded α-synuclein promotes inflammation and oxidative stress resulting in neurodegeneration. α-Synuclein has been directly linked to microglial activation in vitro and increased numbers of activated microglia have been reported in an α-synuclein overexpressing mouse model prior to neuronal loss. However, the mechanism by which α-synuclein incites microglial activation has not been fully described. Microglial activation is governed in part, by pattern recognition receptors that detect foreign material and additionally recognize changes in homeostatic cellular conditions. Upon proinflammatory pathway initiation, activated microglia contribute to oxidative stress through release of cytokines, nitric oxide, and other reactive oxygen species, which may adversely impact adjacent neurons. Here we show that microglia are directly activated by α-synuclein in a classical activation pathway that includes alterations in the expression of toll-like receptors. These data suggest that α-synuclein can act as a danger-associated molecular pattern.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.