ReviewEndocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists
The glucocorticoid receptor and its expression in the anterior pituitary and the adrenal cortex: a source of variation in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function; implications for pituitary and adrenal tumors.
Review in Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Longitudinal Evaluation of Reproductive Endocrine Function in Men With ACTH-Dependent Cushing Syndrome.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Article
- Asoprisnil as a Novel Ligand Interacting with Stress-Associated Glucocorticoid Receptor.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- The impact of long-term isolation on anxiety, depressive-like and social behavior in aging Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) male rats.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Article
- The glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) is linked to and associated with polycystic ovarian syndrome in Italian families.Journal of ovarian research · 2024Article
- Major depressive disorder and bistability in an HPA-CNS toggle switch.PLoS computational biology · 2023Article
- Stress circuitry: mechanisms behind nervous and immune system communication that influence behavior.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Review
- Familial Linkage and Association of theInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Case Report: Consecutive Adrenal Cushing's Syndrome and Cushing's Disease in a Patient With SomaticFrontiers in endocrinology · 2021Article
- Molecular Mechanisms of Glucocorticoid Resistance in Corticotropinomas: New Developments and Drug Targets.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2020Review
- Short treatment with antalarmin alters adrenal gland receptors in the rat model of endometriosis.PloS one · 2020Article
- Role of glucocorticoid negative feedback in the regulation of HPA axis pulsatility.Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2018Review
- Modeling the Sex Differences and Interindividual Variability in the Activity of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis.Endocrinology · 2017Article
- Dynamic responses of the adrenal steroidogenic regulatory network.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2017Article
- Skin manifestations of Cushing's syndrome.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2016Review
- Celecoxib reduces glucocorticoids in vitro and in a mouse model with adrenocortical hyperplasia.Endocrine-related cancer · 2016Article
- Rapid intra-adrenal feedback regulation of glucocorticoid synthesis.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2015Article
- Pediatric Cushing's Disease and Pituitary Incidentaloma: Is This a Real Challenge?Case reports in endocrinology · 2014Article
- Pregnane glycosides interfere with steroidogenic enzymes to down-regulate corticosteroid production in human adrenocortical H295R cells.Journal of cellular physiology · 2013Article
- Glucocorticoids and the regulation of growth hormone secretion.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2013Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo review the expression of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in anterior pituitary and adrenocortical cells and tumors derived from these tissues as well as factors that may influence its expression.
methodsWe present an overview of the relevant literature, with a focus on data generated from our studies.
resultsThe expression of the GR is an essential element of the negative feedback that closes the loop formed by corticotropin-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and cortisol in the context of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Although the GR expression in anterior pituitary cells-and in particular the corticotrophs-was first demonstrated several years ago, it was not known until relatively recently where, by what cells, and in what form the GR is expressed in the adrenal cortex. The variability in the expression of the GR in pituitary and adrenocortical cells may underlie the substantial differences in HPA axis function across individuals, especially when testing for tumors associated with hypercortisolemia. This expression is influenced by a multitude of tissue-specific factors, which may explain why it is so difficult to interpret (or reproduce) studies that are based on GR functional polymorphisms on different cohorts of patients or even different sets of laboratory animals.
conclusionThis review highlights the variability in expression and function of the GR in pituitary and adrenocortical cells as one of the reasons for the appreciable differences in HPA axis function across individuals. Particular attention was paid to interactions that may affect the interpretation of diagnostic testing of the HPA axis in patients with pituitary adenomas (Cushing disease) or adrenocortical tumors (Cushing syndrome).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.