ReviewPerspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science2010
Understanding the Early Origins of the Education-Health Gradient: A Framework That Can Also Be Applied to Analyze Gene-Environment Interactions.
Review in Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed.
- Using a social marketing approach to develop Healthy Me, Healthy We: a nutrition and physical activity intervention in early care and education.Translational behavioral medicine · 2019Trial
- Efficacy of the Video-feedback Intervention to promote Positive Parenting and Sensitive Discipline in Twin Families (VIPP-Twins): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.BMC psychology · 2016Trial
- Changing Longitudinal Associations Between Home-Rearing Environments and Child Developmental Atypicality Across Two Decades.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Non-cognitive skills mediate education-related polygenic score associations with academic achievement across development.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Integrative Mendelian randomization for detecting exposure-by-group interactions using group-specific and combined summary statistics.PLoS genetics · 2025Article
- Relationship between multimorbidity treatment burden and chronic disease self-efficacy in the elderly population of China.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Education and medication use later in life and the role of intelligence.The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care · 2024Article
- Multidimensional intergenerational mobility.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2023Article
- Midlife Work Limitations are Associated with Lower Odds of Survival and Healthy Aging.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2022Article
- Skills-adjusted human capital shows rising global gap.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- Article
- Going beyond the mean in examining relationships of adolescent non-cognitive skills with health-related quality of life and biomarkers in later-life.Economics and human biology · 2020Article
- Inequality in socio-emotional skills: A cross-cohort comparison.Journal of public economics · 2020Article
- The Effects of Education on Mortality: Evidence From Linked U.S. Census and Administrative Mortality Data.Demography · 2020Article
- Explaining the Education-Health Gradient in Preventing STIs in Andean Peru: Cognitive Executive Functioning, Awareness and Health Knowledge.International perspectives on sexual and reproductive health · 2020Article
- Health endowment and later-life outcomes in the labour market: Evidence using genetic risk scores and reduced-form models.SSM - population health · 2019Article
- Does Socioeconomic Status Modify the Association Between Preterm Birth and Children's Early Cognitive Ability and Kindergarten Academic Achievement in the United States?American journal of epidemiology · 2018Article
- Does more education cause lower BMI, or do lower-BMI individuals become more educated? Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2018Article
- Individual differences in developmental plasticity: A role for early androgens?Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2018Review
- Adult health returns to education by key childhood social and economic indicators: Results from representative European data.SSM - population health · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
In this article, we develop a framework for analyzing the causal effects of interventions in the presence of latent factors that could affect outcomes, even in the absence of interventions. This framework will be useful in situations in which genes are included among the latent factors. We estimate the model and study the early origins of observed later-life disparities by education. We determine the role played by cognitive, noncognitive, and early health endowments. We identify the causal effect of education on health and health-related behaviors. We show that family background characteristics and cognitive, noncognitive, and health endowments developed by age 10 are important determinants of health disparities at age 30. We also show that not properly accounting for personality traits results in overestimation of the importance of cognitive ability in determining later health. Selection on preexisting traits explains more than half of the observed differences in poor health and obesity. Education has an important causal effect in explaining differences in smoking rates. There are significant gender differences. We go beyond the current literature, which typically estimates mean effects, to compute distributions of treatment effects. We show that the effect of education on health varies among individuals who are similar in their observed characteristics, and how a mean effect can hide gains and losses for different individuals. This analysis highlights the crucial role played by promotion of good health at an early age and the importance of prevention in the reduction of health disparities. We speculate about how the model can be applied to genetic studies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.