Evidence map›Paper›PMID 21737878›Full record

ArticleThe Journal of clinical investigation2011

Retinoic acid induces homing of protective T and B cells to the gut after subcutaneous immunization in mice.

Swantje I Hammerschmidt, Michaela Friedrichsen, Jasmin Boelter, Marcin Lyszkiewicz, Elisabeth Kremmer, Oliver Pabst, Reinhold Förster

Open access · bronzeAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in The Journal of clinical investigation, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 86 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
86citing papers in PubMed
6.0field-weighted citation impact, top 3% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

86 citing papers in PubMed, 152 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Nuclear receptor coregulator NRIP1 R448G modulates T cell gut homing to control intestinal inflammation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
    Article
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  7. Review
  8. Review
  9. Microneedle-Mediated Immunization Promotes Lung CD8+ T-Cell Immunity.The Journal of investigative dermatology · 2023
    Article
  10. miR-22 gene therapy treats HCC by promoting anti-tumor immunity and enhancing metabolism.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2023
    Article
  11. Review
  12. Review
  13. Review
  14. Retinoid metabolism: new insights.Journal of molecular endocrinology · 2022
    Review
  15. Article
  16. Review
  17. Review
  18. Review
  19. Mucosal vaccines - fortifying the frontiers.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2022
    Review
  20. Article

26 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Swantje I HammerschmidtInstitute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
Michaela Friedrichsen
Jasmin Boelter
Marcin Lyszkiewicz
Elisabeth Kremmer
Oliver Pabst
Reinhold Förster
Medizinische Hochschule Hannover · DEHelmholtz Zentrum München · DE

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Diarrheal diseases represent a major health burden in developing countries. Parenteral immunization typically does not induce efficient protection against enteropathogens because it does not stimulate migration of immune cells to the gut. Retinoic acid (RA) is critical for gut immunity, inducing upregulation of gut-homing receptors on activated T cells. In this study, we have demonstrated that RA can redirect immune responses elicited by s.c. vaccination of mice from skin-draining inguinal LNs (ingLNs) to the gut. When present during priming, RA induced robust upregulation of gut-homing receptors in ingLNs, imprinting gut-homing capacity on T cells. Concurrently, RA triggered the generation of gut-tropic IgA+ plasma cells in ingLNs and raised the levels of antigen-specific IgA in the intestinal lumen and blood. RA applied s.c. in vivo induced autonomous RA production in ingLN DCs, further driving efficient induction of gut-homing molecules on effector cells. Importantly, RA-supplemented s.c. immunization elicited a potent immune response in the small intestine that protected mice from cholera toxin–induced diarrhea and diminished bacterial loads in Peyer patches after oral infection with Salmonella. Thus, the use of RA as a gut-homing navigator represents a powerful tool to induce protective immunity in the intestine after s.c. immunization, offering what we believe to be a novel approach for vaccination against enteropathogens.

Indexed as

AnimalsB-LymphocytesCoculture TechniquesImmune SystemImmunizationInjections, SubcutaneousIntestinal MucosaLymph Node ExcisionLymph NodesMiceMice, Inbred BALB CMice, Inbred C57BLMucous MembranePeyer's PatchesSalmonellaSalmonella InfectionsTretinoin

Identifiers

PMID21737878
PMCPMC3223921
OpenAlexW2076487506

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.