ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2011
Defining the quantitative limits of intravital two-photon lymphocyte tracking.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 74 citations in OpenAlex.
- Intravital microscopy for nanomedicine: investigating nanoparticle-tissue interactions in the native state.RSC advances · 2026Review
- ABCD of IA: A multi-scale agent-based model of T cell activation in inflammatory arthritis.Biomaterials science · 2024Article
- Neutrophils under the microscope: neutrophil dynamics in infection, inflammation, and cancer revealed using intravital imaging.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Interpreting T-cell search "strategies" in the light of evolution under constraints.PLoS computational biology · 2023Article
- Correlation between speed and turning naturally arises for sparsely sampled cell movements.Physical biology · 2023Article
- NF-κB dynamics in the language of immune cells.Trends in immunology · 2023Review
- New tools for immunologists: models of lymph node function from cells to tissues.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Computational modelling of cell motility modes emerging from cell-matrix adhesion dynamics.PLoS computational biology · 2022Article
- CelltrackR: An R package for fast and flexible analysis of immune cell migration data.Immunoinformatics (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2021Article
- Local actin dynamics couple speed and persistence in a cellular Potts model of cell migration.Biophysical journal · 2021Article
- Heterogeneous T cell motility behaviors emerge from a coupling between speed and turning in vivo.eLife · 2020Article
- Imaging the pharmacology of nanomaterials by intravital microscopy: Toward understanding their biological behavior.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2017Review
- Large Variations in HIV-1 Viral Load Explained by Shifting-Mosaic Metapopulation Dynamics.PLoS biology · 2016Article
- Steering cell migration by alternating blebs and actin-rich protrusions.BMC biology · 2016Article
- Leukocyte Motility Models Assessed through Simulation and Multi-objective Optimization-Based Model Selection.PLoS computational biology · 2016Article
- T cell migration, search strategies and mechanisms.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2016Review
- Persistence and Adaptation in Immunity: T Cells Balance the Extent and Thoroughness of Search.PLoS computational biology · 2016Article
- How is the effectiveness of immune surveillance impacted by the spatial distribution of spreading infections?Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2015Article
- Age-Dependent Cell Trafficking Defects in Draining Lymph Nodes Impair Adaptive Immunity and Control of West Nile Virus Infection.PLoS pathogens · 2015Article
- Heterogeneous CD8+ T cell migration in the lymph node in the absence of inflammation revealed by quantitative migration analysis.PLoS computational biology · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Two-photon microscopy has substantially advanced our understanding of cellular dynamics in the immune system. Cell migration can now be imaged in real time in the living animal. Strikingly, the migration of naive lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid tissue appears predominantly random. It is unclear, however, whether directed migration may escape detection in this random background. Using a combination of mathematical modeling and experimental data, we investigate the extent to which modern two-photon imaging can rule out biologically relevant directed migration. For naive T cells migrating in uninfected lymph nodes (LNs) at average 3D speeds of around 18 μm/min, we rule out uniform directed migration of more than 1.7 μm/min at the 95% confidence level, confirming that T cell migration is indeed mostly random on a timescale of minutes. To investigate whether this finding still holds for longer timescales, we use a 3D simulation of the naive T cell LN transit. A pure random walk predicts a transit time of around 16 h, which is in good agreement with experimental results. A directional bias of only 0.5 μm/min-less than 3% of the cell speed-would already accelerate the transit twofold. These results jointly strengthen the random walk analogy for naive T cell migration in LNs, but they also emphasize that very small deviations from random migration can still be important. Our methods are applicable to cells of any type and can be used to reanalyze existing datasets.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.