ArticleEnvironmental science & technology2011
Detection of environmentally persistent free radicals at a superfund wood treating site.
Article in Environmental science & technology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A systematic review of environmentally persistent free radical (EPFR) formation, characteristics, and health effects: are there sufficient data for risk assessment?Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part B, Critical reviews · 2026Pooled it
- Understanding the influence of environmentally persistent free radical location on reactive oxygen species generation in soils.Chemosphere · 2026Article
- Shifts in soil microbiome surrounding a thermal treatment facility for hazardous waste: the hidden impact of environmentally persistent free radicals.Environmental science. Processes & impacts · 2026Article
- Self-Standing Adsorbent Composites of Waste-Derived Biochar and Reduced Graphene Oxide for Water Decontamination.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Oxidative potential and persistent free radicals in dust storm particles and their associations with hospitalization.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Investigating environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) emissions of 3D printing process.Chemical engineering journal (Lausanne, Switzerland : 1996) · 2024Article
- Environmentally persistent free radicals: Methods for combustion generation, whole-body inhalation and assessing cardiopulmonary consequences.Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) · 2023Article
- Metal-Free Biomass-Derived Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals (Bio-EPFRs) from Lignin Pyrolysis.ACS omega · 2022Article
- A critical review of environmentally persistent free radical (EPFR) solvent extraction methodology and retrieval efficiency.Chemosphere · 2021Review
- Formation of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals (EPFRs) on the Phenol-DosedThe journal of physical chemistry. C, Nanomaterials and interfaces · 2021Article
- Air pollution and children's health-a review of adverse effects associated with prenatal exposure from fine to ultrafine particulate matter.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2021Review
- Assessing the effect on the generation of environmentally persistent free radicals in hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Environmentally persistent free radicals in PMWaste disposal & sustainable energy · 2019Article
- Radical containing combustion derived particulate matter enhance pulmonary Th17 inflammation via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor.Particle and fibre toxicology · 2018Article
- Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals: Insights on a New Class of Pollutants.Environmental science & technology · 2018Article
- Unraveling mechanisms of toxicant-induced oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease.Current opinion in toxicology · 2018Article
- Effect of Particulate Matter Mineral Composition on Environmentally Persistent Free Radical (EPFR) Formation.Environmental science & technology · 2017Article
- A Scalable Field Study Protocol and Rationale for Passive Ambient Air Sampling: A Spatial Phytosampling for Leaf Data Collection.Environmental science & technology · 2017Article
- Addressing Emerging Risks: Scientific and Regulatory Challenges Associated with Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2016Review
- Exposure to environmentally persistent free radicals during gestation lowers energy expenditure and impairs skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in adult mice.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
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Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) have previously been observed in association with combustion-generated particles and airborne PM(2.5) (particulate matter, d < 2.5um). The purpose of this study was to determine if similar radicals were present in soils and sediments at Superfund sites. The site was a former wood treating facility containing pentachlorophenol (PCP) as a major contaminant. Both contaminated and noncontaminated (just outside the contaminated area) soil samples were collected. The samples were subjected to the conventional humic substances (HS) extraction procedure. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used to measure the EPFR concentrations and determine their structure for each sample fraction. Analyses revealed a ∼30× higher EPFR concentration in the PCP contaminated soils (20.2 × 10(17) spins/g) than in the noncontaminated soil (0.7 × 10(17) spins/g). Almost 90% of the EPFR signal originated from the minerals/clays/humins fraction. GC-MS analyses revealed ∼6500 ppm of PCP in the contaminated soil samples and none detected in the background samples. Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrophotometry (ICP-AES) analyses revealed ∼7× higher concentrations of redox-active transition metals, in the contaminated soils than the noncontaminated soil. Vapor phase and liquid phase dosing of the clays/minerals/humins fraction of the soil with PCP resulted in an EPR signal identical to that observed in the contaminated soil, strongly suggesting the observed EPFR is pentachlorophenoxyl radical. Chemisorption and electron transfer from PCP to transition metals and other electron sinks in the soil are proposed to be responsible for EPFR formation.
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Registered trials
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