ArticleArchives of general psychiatry2011
Downregulated kynurenine 3-monooxygenase gene expression and enzyme activity in schizophrenia and genetic association with schizophrenia endophenotypes.
Article in Archives of general psychiatry, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 93 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
93 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 158 citations in OpenAlex.
- Multimodal microglial and kynurenine pathway alterations across the affective-psychosis spectrum: a systematic review of patterns, heterogeneity, and dimensional implications.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- BrainFrontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- Kynurenic Acid in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2017Pooled it
- Clozapine and neutrophil response in patients of African descent: A six-month, multinational, prospective, open-label clinical trial.Schizophrenia research · 2024Trial
- Significance of NAD anabolism profiles in neurological diseases.Metabolic brain disease · 2026Review
- Sex-specific association of IDO1 gene with schizophrenia and imbalanced levels of cytokines and neuroactive kynurenine metabolites in relapsed patients.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- The single nucleotide polymorphism rs1053230 modulates kynurenine 3-monooxygenase stability and is associated with cognitive and mood phenotypes.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Biochemical Regulation of Brain Kynurenic Acid Synthesis and Inhibition in Rats Is Sensitive to the Time of Day.ACS chemical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Metabolic Mechanisms in Electroconvulsive Therapy for Schizophrenia: Role, Potential and Future Directions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Serotonin, Kynurenine, and Indole Pathways of Tryptophan Metabolism in Humans in Health and Disease.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Parental kynurenine 3-monooxygenase genotype in mice directs sex-specific behavioral outcomes in offspring.Biology of sex differences · 2025Article
- Gene Variant Frequencies ofGenes · 2024Article
- Neuroactive Kynurenines as Pharmacological Targets: New Experimental Tools and Exciting Therapeutic Opportunities.Pharmacological reviews · 2024Review
- Changes in kynurenine metabolites in the gray and white matter of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of individuals affected by schizophrenia.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- The clock is ticking on schizophrenia: a study protocol for a translational study integrating phenotypic, genomic, microbiome and biomolecular data to overcome disability.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Article
- Activated Tryptophan-Kynurenine metabolic system in the human brain is associated with learned fear.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2023Article
- In Vitro and In Vivo Toxicometabolomics of the Synthetic Cathinone PCYP Studied by Means of LC-HRMS/MS.Metabolites · 2022Article
- Tryptophan Challenge in Healthy Controls and People with Schizophrenia: Acute Effects on Plasma Levels of Kynurenine, Kynurenic Acid and 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Multiomic profiling of iron-deficient infant monkeys reveals alterations in neurologically important biochemicals in serum and cerebrospinal fluid before the onset of anemia.American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology · 2022Article
33 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
contextKynurenic acid, a metabolite of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation, is an antagonist at N-methyl-d-aspartate and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and modulates glutamate, dopamine, and acetylcholine signaling. Cortical kynurenic acid concentrations are elevated in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid of schizophrenia patients. The proximal cause may be an impairment of kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO), a rate-limiting enzyme at the branching point of the kynurenine pathway.
objectivesTo examine KMO messenger RNA expression and KMO enzyme activity in postmortem tissue from the frontal eye field (FEF; Brodmann area 6) obtained from schizophrenia individuals compared with healthy control individuals and to explore the relationship between KMO single-nucleotide polymorphisms and schizophrenia oculomotor endophenotypes.
designCase-control postmortem and clinical study.
settingMaryland Brain Collection, outpatient clinics.
participantsPostmortem specimens from schizophrenia patients (n = 32) and control donors (n = 32) and a clinical sample of schizophrenia patients (n = 248) and healthy controls (n = 228).
main outcome measuresComparison of quantitative KMO messenger RNA expression and KMO enzyme activity in postmortem FEF tissue between schizophrenia patients and controls and association of KMO single-nucleotide polymorphisms with messenger RNA expression in postmortem FEF and schizophrenia and oculomotor endophenotypes (ie, smooth pursuit eye movements and oculomotor delayed response).
resultsIn postmortem tissue, we found a significant and correlated reduction in KMO gene expression and KMO enzyme activity in the FEF in schizophrenia patients. In the clinical sample, KMO rs2275163 was not associated with a diagnosis of schizophrenia but showed modest effects on predictive pursuit and visuospatial working memory endophenotypes.
conclusionOur results provide converging lines of evidence implicating reduced KMO activity in the etiopathophysiology of schizophrenia and related neurocognitive deficits.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.