ArticleThe Journal of physiology2011
Pitx2 regulates myosin heavy chain isoform expression and multi-innervation in extraocular muscle.
Article in The Journal of physiology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- The ALX1 transcription factor acts in the early cranial mesoderm to specify extraocular muscle formation.Disease models & mechanisms · 2026Article
- Effects of fibroblast growth factor 2 on muscle precursor cells from mouse limb and extraocular muscle.PloS one · 2026Article
- Extreme Tolerance of Extraocular Muscles to Diseases and Aging: Why and How?International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Developmental, Physiological and Phylogenetic Perspectives on the Expression and Regulation of Myosin Heavy Chains in Craniofacial Muscles.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Obscurin Maintains Myofiber Identity in Extraocular Muscles.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2024Article
- TWIST1, a gene associated with Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, regulates extraocular muscle organization in mouse.Developmental biology · 2022Article
- TrkB signaling is correlated with muscular fatigue resistance and less vulnerability to neurodegeneration.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2022Article
- The asymmetric Pitx2 gene regulates gut muscular-lacteal development and protects against fatty liver disease.Cell reports · 2021Article
- Characterisation of stemness and multipotency of ovine muscle-derived stem cells from various muscle sources.Journal of anatomy · 2021Article
- Generation of craniofacial myogenic progenitor cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells for skeletal muscle tissue regeneration.Biomaterials · 2020Article
- Differential Vulnerability of Oculomotor Versus Hypoglossal Nucleus During ALS: Involvement of PACAP.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2020Review
- The ancient sarcomeric myosins found in specialized muscles.Skeletal muscle · 2019Review
- Motor Neuron Susceptibility in ALS/FTD.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2019Review
- Effects of retinoic acid signaling on extraocular muscle myogenic precursor cells in vitro.Experimental cell research · 2017Article
- Extraocular Muscle Repair and Regeneration.Current ophthalmology reports · 2017Article
- Motor neuron vulnerability and resistance in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.Acta neuropathologica · 2017Review
- Sparing of the extraocular muscles in mdx mice with absent or reduced utrophin expression: A life span analysis.Neuromuscular disorders : NMD · 2015Article
- Adaptability of the Immature Ocular Motor Control System: Unilateral IGF-1 Medial Rectus Treatment.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2015Article
- Dystrophic changes in extraocular muscles after gamma irradiation in mdx:utrophin(+/-) mice.PloS one · 2014Article
- Complex tropomyosin and troponin T isoform expression patterns in orbital and global fibers of adult dog and rat extraocular muscles.Journal of muscle research and cell motility · 2013Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Extraocular muscle is fundamentally distinct from other skeletal muscle and demonstrates specific anatomical divisions, unique innervation, diverse myosin isoform expression patterns, a distinct genomic profile and differential involvement in neuromuscular disorders. The paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 2 (Pitx2) is known to regulate the formation of extraocular muscle development and in this report we show that its expression in adulthood also defines certain extraocular muscle traits. We found that expression of slow-MyHC and slow-tonic MyHC, along with contractile regulatory proteins troponin I and troponin T, is reduced during the first 3 weeks after birth in mice with conditional knockout of Pitx2, designated Pitx2(Δflox/Δflox). En grappe endplates, which are normally only found on slow-MyHC expressing fibres, were not identified in the Pitx2(Δflox/Δflox) extraocular muscle, suggesting that altered innervation was responsible for the loss in slow-MyHC expression. Extraocular muscle (EOM)-specific MyHC expressing fibres were dramatically reduced at P14 and rarely detected at 3 months in the Pitx2(Δflox/Δflox) mice. 2A-MyHC fibres, which are excluded from mid-belly region in wild-type mice, dominated the orbital layer with no apparent longitudinal variation in the Pitx2(Δflox/Δflox) mice. Pure 2X-MyHC fibres, only present at distal ends in the wild-type mice, populated the outer global layer in the mid-belly region of the Pitx2(Δflox/Δflox) mice. Pitx2 influences slow-MyHC, slow-tonic MyHC and EOM-MyHC expression in extraocular muscle and its absence leads to increased expression of 2X-MyHC and 2A-MyHC. Precise definition of the regulation of MyHC isoforms in extraocular muscle may allow their rational manipulation, in order to alter muscle contractility for therapeutic purposes.
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