Trial reportBMC nephrology2011
Chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology in Sri Lanka: is cadmium a likely cause?
Trial report in BMC nephrology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 146 citations in OpenAlex.
- Heterogeneity in diagnostic criteria for chronic kidney disease of undetermined etiology (CKDu): a systematic review of the literature.BMC nephrology · 2025Pooled it
- Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review.Journal of nephrology · 2025Pooled it
- Clinical characteristics, management, and outcomes of cadmium poisoning: a systematic review of case reports and case series.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- Pesticide exposures and chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology: an epidemiologic review.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2017Pooled it
- Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka.International journal of occupational and environmental health · 2016Pooled it
- CKD of Uncertain Etiology: A Systematic Review.Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN · 2016Pooled it
- Escalating chronic kidney diseases of multi-factorial origin in Sri Lanka: causes, solutions, and recommendations.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2014Pooled it
- Environmental Pollution and Its Impact on Kidney Diseases: A Comprehensive Review of Current Evidence.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Longitudinal Nephrotoxic Metal Exposure in a Cohort of Farm Workers in Sonora, Mexico.Journal of occupational and environmental medicine · 2025Article
- Longitudinal associations and interactions of heat and metal(loid) exposure with kidney outcomes in Mexican agricultural workers.Environmental research · 2025Article
- Decreasing incidence of hospital diagnosed CKD/CKDu in North Central Province of Sri Lanka: is it related to provision of drinking water reverse osmosis plants?BMC nephrology · 2024Article
- U-shaped relationship between fasting blood glucose and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio in the general United States population.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
- Article
- Metals and Metallothionein Expression in Relation to Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Two decades of chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology (CKDu) research: Existing evidence and persistent gaps from epidemiological studies in Sri Lanka.Nephrology (Carlton, Vic.) · 2022Review
- The position of geochemical variables as causal co-factors of diseases of unknown aetiology.SN applied sciences · 2022Review
- Kidney Cadmium Concentrations in an Urban Sri Lankan Population: an Autopsy Study.Biological trace element research · 2021Article
- Article
- A Systematic Review of Renal Pathology in Chronic Kidney Disease of Uncertain Etiology.Kidney international reports · 2021Article
- Prevalence and Associated Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease among Adult Hypertensive Patients at Northwest Amhara Referral Hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia, 2020.International journal of hypertension · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe rising prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and subsequent end stage renal failure necessitating renal replacement therapy has profound consequences for affected individuals and health care resources. This community based study was conducted to identify potential predictors of microalbuminuria in a randomly selected sample of adults from the North Central Province (NCP) of Sri Lanka, where the burden of CKD is pronounced and the underlying cause still unknown.
methodsExposures to possible risk factors were determined in randomly recruited subjects (425 females and 461 males) from selected areas of the NCP of Sri Lanka using an interviewer administered questionnaire. Sulphosalicylic acid and the Light Dependent Resister microalbumin gel filtration method was used for initial screening for microalbuminuria and reconfirmed by the Micral strip test.
resultsMicroalbumnuria was detected in 6.1% of the females and 8.5% of the males. Smoking (p < 0.001), alcohol use (p = 0.003), hypertension (p < 0.001), diabetes (p < 0.001), urinary tract infection (UTI) (p = 0.034) and consumption of water from wells in the fields (p = 0.025) were associated with microalbuminuria. In the binary logistic regression analysis, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, UTI, drinking well water in the fields, smoking and pesticide spraying were found to be significant predictors of microalbuminuria.
conclusionsHypertension, diabetes mellitus, UTI, and smoking are known risk factors for microalbuminuria. The association between microalbuminuria and consumption of well water suggests an environmental aetiology to CKD in NCP. The causative agent is yet to be identified. Investigations for cadmium as a potential causative agent needs to be initiated.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.