ArticleVirology2011
Molecular evolution of West Nile virus in a northern temperate region: Connecticut, USA 1999-2008.
Article in Virology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genomic characterization of a severe West Nile Virus transmission season using a single reaction amplicon sequencing approach.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Simultaneous circulation of two West Nile virus lineage 2 clades and Bagaza virus in the Zambezi region, Namibia.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Article
- Article
- Ecology of West Nile Virus in the Danube Delta, Romania: Phylogeography, Xenosurveillance and Mosquito Host-Feeding Patterns.Viruses · 2019Article
- Evolutionary Dynamics of the Lineage 2 West Nile Virus That Caused the Largest European Epidemic: Italy 2011-2018.Viruses · 2019Article
- Article
- The Effects of Sampling Location and Predictor Point Estimate Certainty on Posterior Support in Bayesian Phylogeographic Generalized Linear Models.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Plasticity of a critical antigenic determinant in the West Nile virus NY99 envelope protein domain III.Virology · 2016Article
- Genetic Variability of West Nile Virus in U.S. Blood Donors from the 2012 Epidemic Season.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2016Article
- Article
- Fluid Spatial Dynamics of West Nile Virus in the United States: Rapid Spread in a Permissive Host Environment.Journal of virology · 2016Article
- Evidence for co-evolution of West Nile Virus and house sparrows in North America.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2014Article
- A positively selected mutation in the WNV 2K peptide confers resistance to superinfection exclusion in vivo.Virology · 2014Article
- Evolutionary dynamics of West Nile virus in Georgia, 2001-2011.Virus genes · 2014Article
- Review
- Molecular epidemiology and evolution of West Nile virus in North America.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2013Review
- Genetic analysis of West Nile virus isolates from an outbreak in Idaho, United States, 2006-2007.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2013Article
- Sequence analyses of 2012 West Nile virus isolates from Texas fail to associate viral genetic factors with outbreak magnitude.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2013Article
- West nile virus.Transfusion medicine and hemotherapy : offizielles Organ der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Transfusionsmedizin und Immunhamatologie · 2013Article
- The evolution of virulence of West Nile virus in a mosquito vector: implications for arbovirus adaptation and evolution.BMC evolutionary biology · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) has become firmly established in northeastern US, reemerging every summer since its introduction into North America in 1999. To determine whether WNV overwinters locally or is reseeded annually, we examined the patterns of viral lineage persistence and replacement in Connecticut over 10 consecutive transmission seasons by phylogenetic analysis. In addition, we compared the full protein coding sequence among WNV isolates to search for evidence of convergent and adaptive evolution. Viruses sampled from Connecticut segregated into a number of well-supported subclades by year of isolation with few clades persisting ≥2 years. Similar viral strains were dispersed in different locations across the state and divergent strains appeared within a single location during a single transmission season, implying widespread movement and rapid colonization of virus. Numerous amino acid substitutions arose in the population but only one change, V→A at position 159 of the envelope protein, became permanently fixed. Several instances of parallel evolution were identified in independent lineages, including one amino acid change in the NS4A protein that appears to be positively selected. Our results suggest that annual reemergence of WNV is driven by both reintroduction and local-overwintering of virus. Despite ongoing evolution of WNV, most amino acid variants occurred at low frequencies and were transient in the virus population.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.