ArticlePloS one2011
Systemic BCG immunization induces persistent lung mucosal multifunctional CD4 T(EM) cells which expand following virulent mycobacterial challenge.
Article in PloS one, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Revaccination of Adults with Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Induces Long-Lived BCG-Reactive NK Cell Responses.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2016Trial
- Heterologous vaccination against human tuberculosis modulates antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell function.European journal of immunology · 2013Trial
- Intranasal BCG vaccination induces systemic and pulmonary mucosal immune responses against tuberculosis in a goat model.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Tuberculosis Vaccines and T Cell Immune Memory.Vaccines · 2024Review
- A novel multi-component protein vaccine ECP001 containing a protein polypeptide antigen nPstS1 riching in T-cell epitopes showed good immunogenicity and protection in mice.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Characterization of the Protective Immune Responses Conferred by Recombinant BCG Overexpressing Components ofVaccines · 2022Article
- IL-10 Receptor Blockade Delivered Simultaneously with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccination Sustains Long-Term Protection againstJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2022Article
- Human mucosal tissue-resident memory T cells in health and disease.Mucosal immunology · 2022Review
- Efficacy and immunogenicity of different BCG doses in BALB/c and CB6F1 mice when challenged with H37Rv or Beijing HN878.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- A recombinant bovine adenoviral mucosal vaccine expressing mycobacterial antigen-85B generates robust protection against tuberculosis in mice.Cell reports. Medicine · 2021Article
- The double-edged sword of Tregs in M tuberculosis, M avium, and M absessus infection.Immunological reviews · 2021Review
- Characterization of the Infant Immune System and the Influence and Immunogenicity of BCG Vaccination in Infant and Adult Rhesus Macaques.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Airway delivery of both a BCG prime and adenoviral boost drives CD4 and CD8 T cells into the lung tissue parenchyma.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine, antimalarial, age and gender relation to COVID-19 spread and mortality.Vaccine · 2020Article
- Host-Pathogen Interaction as a Novel Target for Host-Directed Therapies in Tuberculosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Induces PD-L1 Expression on Antigen-Presenting Cells via Autocrine and Paracrine Interleukin-STAT3 Circuits.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Lung Tissue Resident Memory T-Cells in the Immune Response toFrontiers in immunology · 2019Review
- An autophagy-inducing and TLR-2 activating BCG vaccine induces a robust protection against tuberculosis in mice.NPJ vaccines · 2019Article
- Article
- Rapid loss of early antigen-presenting activity of lymph node dendritic cells against Ag85A protein following Mycobacterium bovis BCG infection.BMC immunology · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
To more closely understand the mechanisms of how BCG vaccination confers immunity would help to rationally design improved tuberculosis vaccines that are urgently required. Given the established central role of CD4 T cells in BCG induced immunity, we sought to characterise the generation of memory CD4 T cell responses to BCG vaccination and M. bovis infection in a murine challenge model. We demonstrate that a single systemic BCG vaccination induces distinct systemic and mucosal populations of T effector memory (T(EM)) cells in vaccinated mice. These CD4+CD44(hi)CD62L(lo)CD27⁻ T cells concomitantly produce IFN-γ and TNF-α, or IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α and have a higher cytokine median fluorescence intensity MFI or 'quality of response' than single cytokine producing cells. These cells are maintained for long periods (>16 months) in BCG protected mice, maintaining a vaccine-specific functionality. Following virulent mycobacterial challenge, these cells underwent significant expansion in the lungs and are, therefore, strongly associated with protection against M. bovis challenge. Our data demonstrate that a persistent mucosal population of T(EM) cells can be induced by parenteral immunization, a feature only previously associated with mucosal immunization routes; and that these multifunctional T(EM) cells are strongly associated with protection. We propose that these cells mediate protective immunity, and that vaccines designed to increase the number of relevant antigen-specific T(EM) in the lung may represent a new generation of TB vaccines.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.